Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, cobalamin, Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble essential vitamin used as an enzymatic cofactor. In blood vessels, Vitamin B12 is driven by inactive (haptocorrin), active (transcobalamin II) and intrinsic factor (IF) transporter proteins, which mediate intestinal absorption of B12. The most serious condition associated with vitamin B12 deficiency is megaloblastic anemia, which results in reduced DNA synthesis in red blood cell production.
- Origin: Animal Product, Synthetic
- Source: Milk, Eggs, Meat, Fish, Synthetic
- Type: Vitamin
- Age Range: Adults, Seniors
- Toxicity: May be toxic in high doses
- Outcomes: Cognitive Function and Brain Health, Energy and Mood, Focus and Attention
What are Vitamin B12 benefits?
Cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is one of the essential vitamins for the body and is known to play a key role in neurology. Vitamin b12 also supports the normal functioning of nerve cells and is necessary for red blood cell formation and DNA synthesis. In addition, according to several studies, vitamin b12 can benefit the human body in many ways, including increasing energy, improving memory, preventing heart disease, improving mood for depression symptoms, preventing anemia, aiding in bone health and preventing osteoporosis, aiding in the health of hair, skin, and nails, and reducing the risk of macular degeneration, among others.
Table of relations
Vitamin B12 and Cognitive Function and Brain Health
-
Focus and Attention
Attention is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information, whether considered subjective or objective.
Vitamin B12 and Energy and Mood
Table of negative interactions
Related videos about Vitamin B12
References
- ^ a b Gariballa SE, Forster SJ, Powers HJ. Effects of mixed dietary supplements on total plasma homocysteine concentrations (tHcy): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. (2012)
- ^ a b Rocco A, et al. Vitamin B12 supplementation improves rates of sustained viral response in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. Gut. (2013)
- ^ Chavain N, Biot C. Organometallic complexes: new tools for chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem. (2010)
- ^ a b c Randaccio L, et al. Vitamin B12: unique metalorganic compounds and the most complex vitamins. Molecules. (2010)
- ^ BLOOD REGENERATION FOLLOWING SIMPLE ANEMIA: IV. INFLUENCE OF MEAT, LIVER AND VARIOUS EXTRACTIVES, ALONE OR COMBINED WITH STANDARD DIETS.
- ^ TREATMENT OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA BY A SPECIAL DIET.
- ^ HODGKIN DG, et al. The crystal structure of the hexacarboxylic acid derived from B12 and the molecular structure of the vitamin. Nature. (1955)
- ^ HODGKIN DC, et al. Structure of vitamin B12. Nature. (1956)
- ^ a b c d e f g O’Leary F, Samman S. Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. (2010)
- ^ Scott JM. Bioavailability of vitamin B12. Eur J Clin Nutr. (1997)
- ^ Brown KL. Chemistry and enzymology of vitamin B12. Chem Rev. (2005)
- ^ Bottiglieri T. Folate, vitamin B₁₂, and S-adenosylmethionine. Psychiatr Clin North Am. (2013)
- ^ Anderson OS, Sant KE, Dolinoy DC. Nutrition and epigenetics: an interplay of dietary methyl donors, one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation. J Nutr Biochem. (2012)
- ^ National Diet and Nutrition Survey: British People aged 19 to 64 years.
- ^ The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over.
- ^ Sanz-Cuesta T, et al. Oral versus intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for the treatment of patients with vitamin B12 deficiency: a pragmatic, randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority clinical trial undertaken in the primary healthcare setting (Project OB12). BMC Public Health. (2012)
- ^ a b Dali-Youcef N, Andrès E. An update on cobalamin deficiency in adults. QJM. (2009)
- ^ Ortega RM, et al. Vitamin status in different groups of the Spanish population: a meta-analysis of national studies performed between 1990 and 1999. Public Health Nutr. (2001)
- ^ Henríquez P, et al. Nutritional determinants of plasma total homocysteine distribution in the Canary Islands. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2007)
- ^ García Closas R, et al. Distribution of the serum concentration of vitamin C, folic acid and vitamin B12 in a representative sample of the adult population of Catalonia (Spain). Med Clin (Barc). (2002)
- ^ a b Screening for vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency in older persons.
- ^ Smith DL. Anemia in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. (2000)
- ^ Andres E, Serraj K. Optimal management of pernicious anemia. J Blood Med. (2012)
- ^ Glasbrenner B, et al. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency in chronic pancreatitis: a relevant disorder. Klin Wochenschr. (1991)
- ^ Girish BN, et al. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and derangements in transsulfuration and transmethylation pathways. Pancreas. (2010)
- ^ Green PH, et al. Mechanisms underlying celiac disease and its neurologic manifestations. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2005)
- ^ a b Lambert D, et al. Crohn’s disease and vitamin B12 metabolism. Dig Dis Sci. (1996)
- ^ Vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency in elderly persons.
- ^ Lindenbaum J, et al. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine concentrations. Am J Hematol. (1990)
- ^ a b Matchar DB, et al. Performance of the serum cobalamin assay for diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. Am J Med Sci. (1994)
- ^ Clarke R, et al. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life. Age Ageing. (2004)
- ^ a b Hvas AM, Nexo E. Holotranscobalamin–a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B deficiency. J Intern Med. (2005)
- ^ Herrmann W, et al. Functional vitamin B12 deficiency and determination of holotranscobalamin in populations at risk. Clin Chem Lab Med. (2003)
- ^ Herrmann W, et al. The usefulness of holotranscobalamin in predicting vitamin B12 status in different clinical settings. Curr Drug Metab. (2005)
- ^ a b Loikas S, et al. RIA for serum holo-transcobalamin: method evaluation in the clinical laboratory and reference interval. Clin Chem. (2003)
- ^ a b Heil SG, et al. Screening for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency by holotranscobalamin in patients suspected of vitamin B12 deficiency: a multicentre study. Ann Clin Biochem. (2012)
- ^ Refsum H, et al. Holotranscobalamin and total transcobalamin in human plasma: determination, determinants, and reference values in healthy adults. Clin Chem. (2006)
- ^ Obeid R, Herrmann W. Holotranscobalamin in laboratory diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency compared to total cobalamin and methylmalonic acid. Clin Chem Lab Med. (2007)
- ^ Gültepe M, et al. Urine methylmalonic acid measurements for the assessment of cobalamin deficiency related to neuropsychiatric disorders. Clin Biochem. (2003)
- ^ Bolann BJ, et al. Evaluation of indicators of cobalamin deficiency defined as cobalamin-induced reduction in increased serum methylmalonic acid. Clin Chem. (2000)
- ^ Carmel R, et al. Serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid concentrations in a multiethnic elderly population: ethnic and sex differences in cobalamin and metabolite abnormalities. Am J Clin Nutr. (1999)
- ^ Norman EJ, Morrison JA. Screening elderly populations for cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency using the urinary methylmalonic acid assay by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Am J Med. (1993)
- ^ a b c Hill MH, et al. A vitamin B-12 supplement of 500 μg/d for eight weeks does not normalize urinary methylmalonic acid or other biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status in elderly people with moderately poor vitamin B-12 status. J Nutr. (2013)
- ^ Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.
- ^ a b Carmel R. Mild transcobalamin I (haptocorrin) deficiency and low serum cobalamin concentrations. Clin Chem. (2003)
- ^ Mathews FS, et al. Crystal structure of human intrinsic factor: cobalamin complex at 2.6-A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2007)
- ^ Allen RH. Human vitamin B12 transport proteins. Prog Hematol. (1975)
- ^ Wuerges J, et al. Structural basis for mammalian vitamin B12 transport by transcobalamin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2006)
- ^ Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J Psychopharmacol. (2005)
- ^ Carney MW, Sheffield BF. Serum folic acid and B12 in 272 psychiatric in-patients. Psychol Med. (1978)
- ^ a b Penninx BW, et al. Vitamin B(12) deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence from the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Am J Psychiatry. (2000)
- ^ Lerner V, et al. Vitamin B12 and folate serum levels in newly admitted psychiatric patients. Clin Nutr. (2006)
- ^ Morris MS, et al. Depression and folate status in the US Population. Psychother Psychosom. (2003)
- ^ Seppälä J, et al. Association between vitamin b12 levels and melancholic depressive symptoms: a Finnish population-based study. BMC Psychiatry. (2013)
- ^ Seppälä J, et al. Association between folate intake and melancholic depressive symptoms. A Finnish population-based study. J Affect Disord. (2012)
- ^ Tiemeier H, et al. Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Psychiatry. (2002)
- ^ Hintikka J, et al. High vitamin B12 level and good treatment outcome may be associated in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. (2003)
- ^ Association of Vitamin B12 Deficiency with Fatigue and Depression after Lacunar Stroke.
- ^ Huijts M, et al. Effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on cognition, depression, and fatigue in patients with lacunar stroke. Int Psychogeriatr. (2013)
- ^ Froese DS, et al. Structures of the human GTPase MMAA and vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and insight into their complex formation. J Biol Chem. (2010)
- ^ Takahashi-Iñiguez T, et al. Role of vitamin B12 on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. (2012)
- ^ Bochyńska A, et al. The effect of vitamin B supplementation on homocysteine metabolism and clinical state of patients with chronic epilepsy treated with carbamazepine and valproic acid. Seizure. (2012)
- ^ a b JOSKE RA. THE VITAMIN B12 CONTENT OF HUMAN LIVER TISSUE OBTAINED BY ASPIRATION BIOPSY. Gut. (1963)
- ^ Nicolas JP, Guéant JL. Absorption, distribution and excretion of vitamin B12. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris). (1994)
- ^ a b Lott WB, et al. Vitamin B12 and hepatitis C: molecular biology and human pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2001)
- ^ Bailey HD, et al. Maternal dietary intake of folate and vitamins B6 and B12 during pregnancy and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nutr Cancer. (2012)
- ^ a b Hirsch S, et al. The Chilean flour folic acid fortification program reduces serum homocysteine levels and masks vitamin B-12 deficiency in elderly people. J Nutr. (2002)
- ^ Morris MS, et al. Folate and vitamin B-12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr. (2007)
- ^ a b c Ermens AA, Vlasveld LT, Lindemans J. Significance of elevated cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels in blood. Clin Biochem. (2003)
- ^ Cobalamin Related Parameters and Disease Patterns in Patients with Increased Serum Cobalamin Levels.