Pycnogenol

References

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21. ^ a b c Parveen K, et al. Modulatory effects of Pycnogenol® in a rat model of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical evidences. Protoplasma. (2012)
22. ^ Peng YJ, et al. Pycnogenol attenuates the inflammatory and nitrosative stress on joint inflammation induced by urate crystals. Free Radic Biol Med. (2012)
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26. ^ a b c Enseleit F, et al. Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Eur Heart J. (2012)
27. ^ Youn YJ, Lee J. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins of the lower extremities. Korean J Intern Med. (2019)
28. ^ a b Cesarone MR, et al. Comparison of Pycnogenol and Daflon in treating chronic venous insufficiency: a prospective, controlled study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. (2006)
29. ^ Arcangeli P. Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Fitoterapia. (2000)
30. ^ Petrassi C, Mastromarino A, Spartera C. PYCNOGENOL in chronic venous insufficiency. Phytomedicine. (2000)
31. ^ a b Koch R. Comparative study of Venostasin and Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Phytother Res. (2002)
32. ^ Belcaro G, et al. Venous ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with local use of Pycnogenol. Angiology. (2005)
33. ^ Nuzum DS, Gebru TT, Kouzi SA. Pycnogenol for chronic venous insufficiency. Am J Health Syst Pharm. (2011)
34. ^ Grossi MG, et al. Improvement in cochlear flow with Pycnogenol® in patients with tinnitus: a pilot evaluation. Panminerva Med. (2010)
35. ^ a b Luzzi R, et al. Improvement in symptoms and cochlear flow with pycnogenol in patients with Meniere’s disease and tinnitus. Minerva Med. (2014)
36. ^ Hosseini S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective, 16 week crossover study to determine the role of Pycnogenol in modifying blood pressure in mildly hypertensive patients. Nutrition Research. (2001)
37. ^ a b c Zibadi S, et al. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementation. Nutr Res. (2008)
38. ^ a b Rezzani R, et al. Effects of melatonin and Pycnogenol on small artery structure and function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. (2010)
39. ^ van der Zwan LP, Scheffer PG, Teerlink T. Reduction of myeloperoxidase activity by melatonin and pycnogenol may contribute to their blood pressure lowering effect. Hypertension. (2010)
40. ^ Golański J1, et al. Does pycnogenol intensify the efficacy of acetylsalicylic acid in the inhibition of platelet function? In vitro experience. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). (2006)
41. ^ a b c Devaraj S, et al. Supplementation with a pine bark extract rich in polyphenols increases plasma antioxidant capacity and alters the plasma lipoprotein profile. Lipids. (2002)
42. ^ Nelson AB, et al. Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation, and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. (1998)
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45. ^ Trebatická J, et al. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2006)
46. ^ Dvoráková M, et al. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Nutr Neurosci. (2007)
47. ^ a b Luzzi R, et al. Pycnogenol® supplementation improves cognitive function, attention and mental performance in students. Panminerva Med. (2011)
48. ^ Tenenbaum S, et al. An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol and methylphenidate in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Atten Disord. (2002)
49. ^ Errichi S, et al. Supplementation with Pycnogenol® improves signs and symptoms of menopausal transition. Panminerva Med. (2011)
50. ^ a b Inhibition of NF-κB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol).
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52. ^ Lee YC, et al. The involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in airway inflammation of patients with acute asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. (2001)
53. ^ Chung TW, et al. Novel and therapeutic effect of caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenyl ester on hepatocarcinoma cells: complete regression of hepatoma growth and metastasis by dual mechanism. FASEB J. (2004)
54. ^ Ho TY, Bagnell CA. Relaxin induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 through activation of nuclear factor kappa B in human THP-1 cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2005)
55. ^ Lee KM, et al. Spinal NF-kB activation induces COX-2 upregulation and contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Eur J Neurosci. (2004)
56. ^ a b Schäfer A, et al. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed Pharmacother. (2006)
57. ^ Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Front Immunol. (2014)
58. ^ Luo H, et al. Pycnogenol attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism through the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Exp Mol Med. (2015)
59. ^ Gu JQ, et al. Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine, suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in macrophages. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2008)
60. ^ Gao B, et al. Pycnogenol Protects Against Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells Through Regulating NF-κB-iNOS Signaling Pathway. DNA Cell Biol. (2015)
61. ^ Liu R, et al. Pycnogenol Reduces Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Atherosclerosis Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. (2016)
62. ^ a b c Verlaet A, et al. Toll-Like Receptor-Dependent Immunomodulatory Activity of Pycnogenol®. Nutrients. (2019)
63. ^ Pycnogenol supplementation reduces pain and stiffness and improves physical function in adults with knee osteoarthritis.
64. ^ a b Belcaro G, et al. Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-arthrosis Study). Evaluation of signs, symptoms, physical performance and vascular aspects. Phytother Res. (2008)
65. ^ a b Wilson D, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study to evaluate the potential of pycnogenol for improving allergic rhinitis symptoms. Phytother Res. (2010)
66. ^ Choi YH, Yan GH. Pycnogenol inhibits immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic response in mast cells. Phytother Res. (2009)
67. ^ Khlevner J, Park Y, Margolis KG. Brain-Gut Axis: Clinical Implications. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. (2018)
68. ^ Basnayake C. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aust Prescr. (2018)
69. ^ Adriani A, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: the clinical approach. Panminerva Med. (2018)
70. ^ a b Belcaro G, et al. Pycnogenol® supplementation improves the control of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Panminerva Med. (2018)
71. ^ Rohdewald P. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. (2002)
72. ^ Maia H Jr, Haddad C, Casoy J. The effect of pycnogenol on patients with dysmenorrhea using low-dose oral contraceptives. Int J Womens Health. (2014)
73. ^ Psianou K, et al. Clinical and immunological parameters of Sjögren’s syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. (2018)
74. ^ Luzzi R, et al. Efficacy of Pycnogenol® supplementation in remission phases of Sjögren syndrome. Minerva Cardioangiol. (2018)
75. ^ Seyahi E, Yazici H. Behçet’s syndrome: pulmonary vascular disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. (2015)
76. ^ a b Hu S, et al. Behçet syndrome: effects of Pycnogenol® supplementation during regression phases. Minerva Cardioangiol. (2018)
77. ^ a b Rohdewald PJ. Review on Sustained Relief of Osteoarthritis Symptoms with a Proprietary Extract from Pine Bark, Pycnogenol. J Med Food. (2018)
78. ^ Cisár P, et al. Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Phytother Res. (2008)
79. ^ a b c d Lee OH, et al. Pycnogenol® inhibits lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with antioxidant enzyme responses. Phytother Res. (2012)
80. ^ Hasegawa N. Stimulation of lipolysis by pycnogenol. Phytother Res. (1999)
81. ^ a b c Mochizuki M, Hasegawa N. Pycnogenol stimulates lipolysis in 3t3-L1 cells via stimulation of beta-receptor mediated activity. Phytother Res. (2004)
82. ^ Changes in lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase expression caused by procyanidins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
83. ^ a b Lee HH, et al. Effect of pycnogenol on glucose transport in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytother Res. (2010)
84. ^ Preventive Effect of Pine Bark Extract (Flavangenol) on Metabolic Disease in Western Diet-Loaded Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetes Mice.
85. ^ Packer L, Rimbach G, Virgili F. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radic Biol Med. (1999)
86. ^ Noda Y, et al. Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system. Biochem Mol Biol Int. (1997)
87. ^ Iravani S, Zolfaghari B. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical effects of Pinus pinaster bark extract. Res Pharm Sci. (2011)
88. ^ Sivonová M, et al. The effect of Pycnogenol on the erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Gen Physiol Biophys. (2004)
89. ^ Voss P, et al. Ferritin oxidation and proteasomal degradation: protection by antioxidants. Free Radic Res. (2006)
90. ^ Rong Y, et al. Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury. Biotechnol Ther. (1994-1995)
91. ^ Chida M, et al. In vitro testing of antioxidants and biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue. Ophthalmic Res. (1999)
92. ^ Zižková P, Viskupičová J, Horáková L. Pycnogenol and Ginkgo biloba extract: effect on peroxynitrite-oxidized sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase. Interdiscip Toxicol. (2010)
93. ^ Schäfer A, Högger P. Oligomeric procyanidins of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) effectively inhibit alpha-glucosidase. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. (2007)
94. ^ a b c Liu X, Zhou HJ, Rohdewald P. French maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol dose-dependently lowers glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. (2004)
95. ^ a b c d Aoki H, et al. Clinical assessment of a supplement of Pycnogenol® and L-arginine in Japanese patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. Phytother Res. (2012)
96. ^ Hosseini S, et al. Pycnogenol((R)) in the Management of Asthma. J Med Food. (2001)
97. ^ Belcaro G, et al. Pycnogenol® improvements in asthma management. Panminerva Med. (2011)
98. ^ a b Mei L, Mochizuki M, Hasegawa N. Hepatoprotective Effects of Pycnogenol in a Rat Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Phytother Res. (2012)
99. ^ Parveen K, et al. Protective effects of Pycnogenol on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact. (2010)
100. ^ a b Ledda A, et al. Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. BJU Int. (2010)
101. ^ a b c Stanislavov R, Nikolova V. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with pycnogenol and L-arginine. J Sex Marital Ther. (2003)
102. ^ Stanislavov R, Nikolova V, Rohdewald P. Improvement of erectile function with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Int J Impot Res. (2008)
103. ^ a b Marini A, et al. Pycnogenol® effects on skin elasticity and hydration coincide with increased gene expressions of collagen type I and hyaluronic acid synthase in women. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. (2012)