2-Aminoacetic acid, Glycine
Glycine is an amino acid that the organism uses to synthesize proteins, which are needed for growth and maintenance of tissue and for producing important substances, such as hormones and enzymes. The human body naturally produces glycine from other amino acids, but it’s also found in protein-rich foods and available as a dietary supplement.
- Origin: Animal Product, Synthetic, Nonessential
- Source: Meat, Fish, Eggs, Milk, Nonessential, Synthetic
- Type: Amino Acids
- Age Range: Adults, Seniors
- Toxicity: There is no evidence of toxicity until now
- Outcomes: Energy and Mood, Sleep Quality
What are Glycine benefits?
Glycine is part of the family of amino acids and is the smallest of them. Its function is in neurotransmission within the central nervous system, along with glutamine. Foods of animal origin such as beef and pork, poultry, dairy products, and eggs are rich in glycine. Pumpkin, peas, carrots, beets, eggplant, mushrooms, and cereals are also good sources. As a supplement, glycine acts by covering the lack of protein in vegetarians or sportspeople. Glycine promotes the health of the digestive system as an amino acid, maintains prostate health, and prevents degenerative diseases. Check out our quiz and find out which other nutraceuticals can help your body!
Table of relations
Glycine and Energy and Mood
-
Sleep Quality
Sleep is a very important physiological process, as it regulates the body's functions. It is responsible for promoting / facilitating energy conservation, synthesis and secretion of hormones and proteins, learning and memory through brain changes. Sleep is mainly driven by the circadian cycle, which involves exposure to light, hormones such as melatonin, and hypothalamic activity. The compounds that help regulate sleep work in different pathways, they can facilitate the process of falling asleep, increase the duration of continuous sleep or improve the quality of sleep.
Table of negative interactions
Related videos about Glycine
References
- ^ a b c Wang W, et al. Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health. Amino Acids. (2013)
- ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL. Section 22.3, Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. (2000)
- ^ a b Shoulders MD, Raines RT. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem. (2009)
- ^ a b c d e f Meléndez-Hevia E, et al. A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis. J Biosci. (2009)
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information. Glycine. PubChem Compound Database.
- ^ Gajko-Galicka A. Mutations in type I collagen genes resulting in osteogenesis imperfecta in humans. Acta Biochim Pol. (2002)
- ^ Yan BX, Sun YQ. Glycine residues provide flexibility for enzyme active sites. J Biol Chem. (1997)
- ^ Myllyharju J, Kivirikko KI. Collagens and collagen-related diseases. Ann Med. (2001)
- ^ Layer G, et al. Structure and function of enzymes in heme biosynthesis. Protein Sci. (2010)
- ^ Brosnan JT, da Silva RP, Brosnan ME. The metabolic burden of creatine synthesis. Amino Acids. (2011)
- ^ Lu SC. Glutathione synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2013)
- ^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Section 25.2, Purine Bases Can Be Synthesized de Novo or Recycled by Salvage Pathways. Biochemistry. 5th edition. (2002)
- ^ Vessey DA. The biochemical basis for the conjugation of bile acids with either glycine or taurine. Biochem J. (1978)
- ^ Zafra F, Giménez C. Glycine transporters and synaptic function. IUBMB Life. (2008)
- ^ Betz H, Laube B. Glycine receptors: recent insights into their structural organization and functional diversity. J Neurochem. (2006)
- ^ Johnson JW, Ascher P. Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons. Nature. (1987)
- ^ Gomeza J, et al. Lessons from the knocked-out glycine transporters. Handb Exp Pharmacol. (2006)
- ^ Zhong Z, et al. L-Glycine: a novel antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective agent. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (2003)
- ^ a b Melendez-Hevia E, Paz-Lugo PD. Branch-point stoichiometry can generate weak links in metabolism: the case of glycine biosynthesis. J Biosci. (2008)
- ^ Lamers Y, et al. Glycine turnover and decarboxylation rate quantified in healthy men and women using primed, constant infusions of 1,2-(13)C2glycine and (2)H3leucine. J Nutr. (2007)
- ^ Yu YM, et al. Quantitative aspects of glycine and alanine nitrogen metabolism in postabsorptive young men: effects of level of nitrogen and dispensable amino acid intake. J Nutr. (1985)
- ^ Gersovitz M, et al. Dynamic aspects of whole body glycine metabolism: influence of protein intake in young adult and elderly males. Metabolism. (1980)
- ^ Cornish-Bowden A, Pereto J, Cardenas ML. Biochemistry and evolutionary biology: two disciplines that need each other?. J Biosci. (2014)
- ^ Greer M, Greer JK, Gillingham J. Osteoarthritis in selected wild mammals. Proc Okla Acad Sci. (1977)
- ^ Weissengruber GE, et al. The elephant knee joint: morphological and biomechanical considerations. J Anat. (2006)
- ^ Wallach JD. Degenerative arthritis in a black rhinoceros. J Am Vet Med Assoc. (1967)
- ^ Jurmain R. Degenerative joint disease in African great apes: an evolutionary perspective. J Hum Evol. (2000)
- ^ STRAUS WL Jr, CAVE JE. Pathology and the posture of Neanderthal man. Q Rev Biol. (1957)
- ^ Li P, Wu G. Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth. Amino Acids. (2018)
- ^ Ames BN. Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2006)
- ^ de Paz-Lugo P, Lupiáñez JA, Meléndez-Hevia E. High glycine concentration increases collagen synthesis by articular chondrocytes in vitro: acute glycine deficiency could be an important cause of osteoarthritis. Amino Acids. (2018)
- ^ Mayatepek E. 5-Oxoprolinuria in patients with and without defects in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Eur J Pediatr. (1999)
- ^ Jackson AA, et al. Urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic aciduria) as an index of glycine insufficiency in normal man. Br J Nutr. (1987)
- ^ Metges CC, et al. Oxoproline kinetics and oxoproline urinary excretion during glycine- or sulfur amino acid-free diets in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2000)
- ^ Persaud C, Forrester T, Jackson AA. Urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) is increased during recovery from severe childhood malnutrition and responds to supplemental glycine. J Nutr. (1996)
- ^ McCarty MF, O’Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ. Dietary Glycine Is Rate-Limiting for Glutathione Synthesis and May Have Broad Potential for Health Protection. Ochsner J. (2018)
- ^ Lord RS. Long-term patterns of urinary pyroglutamic acid in healthy humans. Physiol Rep. (2016)
- ^ Jackson AA, et al. Urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) is increased in normal adults consuming vegetarian or low protein diets. J Nutr. (1996)
- ^ Jackson AA, et al. Urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) during early life in term and preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. (1997)
- ^ Jackson AA, et al. Nitrogen metabolism in preterm infants fed human donor breast milk: the possible essentiality of glycine. Pediatr Res. (1981)
- ^ Nair AB, Jacob S. A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. J Basic Clin Pharm. (2016)
- ^ Shoham S, Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy U. High dose glycine nutrition affects glial cell morphology in rat hippocampus and cerebellum. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. (1999)
- ^ Shoham S, Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy U. Chronic high-dose glycine nutrition: effects on rat brain cell morphology. Biol Psychiatry. (2001)
- ^ Bacci G, et al. Long-term results in 144 localized Ewing’s sarcoma patients treated with combined therapy. Cancer. (1989)
- ^ Heresco-Levy U, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. (1996)
- ^ Heresco-Levy U, et al. Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (1999)
- ^ Javitt DC, et al. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. (2001)
- ^ Cleveland WL, et al. High-dose glycine treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a 5-year period. Neural Plast. (2009)
- ^ Attobla MHBE. Glycine supplementation to improve insulin sensitivity in humans. PhD diss., University of Alabama at Birmingham. (2014)
- ^ Inagawa K, et al. Assessment of acute adverse events of glycine ingestion at a high dose in human volunteers. SEIKATSU EISEI (Journal of Urban Living and Health Association). (2006)
- ^ a b Silk DB, Grimble GK, Rees RG. Protein digestion and amino acid and peptide absorption. Proc Nutr Soc. (1985)
- ^ NEWEY H, SMYTH DH. THE TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS IN THE RAT SMALL INTESTINE. J Physiol. (1964)
- ^ Munck BG. Amino acid transport by the small intestine of the rat. The existence and specificity of the transport mechanism of imino acids and its relation to the transport of glycine. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1966)
- ^ Thwaites DT, Anderson CM. Deciphering the mechanisms of intestinal imino (and amino) acid transport: the redemption of SLC36A1. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2007)
- ^ Rubino A, Field M, Shwachman H. Intestinal transport of amino acid residues of dipeptides. I. Influx of the glycine residue of glycyl-L-proline across mucosal border. J Biol Chem. (1971)
- ^ Adibi SA, Soleimanpour MR. Functional characterization of dipeptide transport system in human jejunum. J Clin Invest. (1974)
- ^ a b Rajendran VM, et al. Transport of glycyl-L-proline by human intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Gastroenterology. (1985)
- ^ Silk DB, et al. Functional differentiation of human jejunum and ileum: a comparison of the handling of glucose, peptides, and amino acids. Gut. (1974)
- ^ a b Craft IL, et al. Absorption and malabsorption of glycine and glycine peptides in man. Gut. (1968)
- ^ a b c Gannon MC, Nuttall JA, Nuttall FQ. The metabolic response to ingested glycine. Am J Clin Nutr. (2002)
- ^ Gulliford MC, et al. Intestinal glucose and amino acid absorption in healthy volunteers and noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. (1989)
- ^ Cook GC. Increased glycine absorption rate associated with acute bacterial infections in man. Br J Nutr. (1973)
- ^ Cook GC. Effect of systemic infections on glycylglycine absorption rate from the human jejunum in vivo. Br J Nutr. (1974)
- ^ Cook GC. Impairment of glycine absorption by glucose and galactose in man. J Physiol. (1971)
- ^ Cook GC. Effect of intraluminal concentrations on the impairment of glycine adsorption by glucose in the human jejunum. Clin Sci. (1972)
- ^ Cook GC. Comparison of intestinal absorption rates of glycine and glycylglycine in man and the effect of glucose in the perfusing fluid. Clin Sci. (1972)
- ^ Alvarado F, Robinson JW. A kinetic study of the interactions between amino acids and monosaccharides at the intestinal brush-border membrane. J Physiol. (1979)
- ^ Cook GC. Some factors influencing absorption rates of the digestion products of protein and carbohydrate from the proximal jejunum of man and their possible nutritional implications. Gut. (1974)
- ^ Matthews DE, et al. Glycine nitrogen metabolism in man. Metabolism. (1981)
- ^ Kikuchi G, et al. Glycine cleavage system: reaction mechanism, physiological significance, and hyperglycinemia. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. (2008)
- ^ Conter C, et al. Genetic heterogeneity of the GLDC gene in 28 unrelated patients with glycine encephalopathy. J Inherit Metab Dis. (2006)
- ^ Jois M, et al. Regulation of hepatic glycine catabolism by glucagon. J Biol Chem. (1989)
- ^ Lowry M, Hall DE, Brosnan JT. Increased activity of renal glycine-cleavage-enzyme complex in metabolic acidosis. Biochem J. (1985)
- ^ Aragón C, López-Corcuera B. Glycine transporters: crucial roles of pharmacological interest revealed by gene deletion. Trends Pharmacol Sci. (2005)
- ^ a b c Betz H, et al. Glycine transporters: essential regulators of synaptic transmission. Biochem Soc Trans. (2006)
- ^ D’Souza DC, et al. Glycine transporter inhibitor attenuates the psychotomimetic effects of ketamine in healthy males: preliminary evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology. (2012)
- ^ Ribeiro CS, et al. Glial transport of the neuromodulator D-serine. Brain Res. (2002)
- ^ Hayashi F, Takahashi K, Nishikawa T. Uptake of D- and L-serine in C6 glioma cells. Neurosci Lett. (1997)
- ^ The glycinergic inhibitory synapse.
- ^ Corelease of Two Fast Neurotransmitters at a Central Synapse.
- ^ O’Brien JA, Berger AJ. Cotransmission of GABA and glycine to brain stem motoneurons. J Neurophysiol. (1999)
- ^ Muller E, et al. Developmental dissociation of presynaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter and postsynaptic receptor clustering in the hypoglossal nucleus. Mol Cell Neurosci. (2006)
- ^ Ghavanini AA, et al. Distinctive glycinergic currents with fast and slow kinetics in thalamus. J Neurophysiol. (2006)
- ^ Dumoulin A, Triller A, Dieudonné S. IPSC kinetics at identified GABAergic and mixed GABAergic and glycinergic synapses onto cerebellar Golgi cells. J Neurosci. (2001)
- ^ a b c Muller E, et al. Vesicular storage of glycine in glutamatergic terminals in mouse hippocampus. Neuroscience. (2013)
- ^ a b Luccini E, Romei C, Raiteri L. Glycinergic nerve endings in hippocampus and spinal cord release glycine by different mechanisms in response to identical depolarizing stimuli. J Neurochem. (2008)
- ^ Young AB, Snyder SH. Strychnine binding associated with glycine receptors of the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1973)
- ^ Laube B, et al. Modulation of glycine receptor function: a novel approach for therapeutic intervention at inhibitory synapses. Trends Pharmacol Sci. (2002)
- ^ Monyer H, et al. Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors. Neuron. (1994)
- ^ Kuner T, Schoepfer R. Multiple structural elements determine subunit specificity of Mg2+ block in NMDA receptor channels. J Neurosci. (1996)
- ^ Functional and Pharmacological Differences Between RecombinantN-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors.
- ^ Traynelis SF, et al. Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function. Pharmacol Rev. (2010)
- ^ Hollmann M, et al. Zinc potentiates agonist-induced currents at certain splice variants of the NMDA receptor. Neuron. (1993)
- ^ Thomson AM. Glycine is a coagonist at the NMDA receptor/channel complex. Prog Neurobiol. (1990)
- ^ Dingledine R, Kleckner NW, McBain CJ. The glycine coagonist site of the NMDA receptor. Adv Exp Med Biol. (1990)
- ^ Berger AJ, Dieudonné S, Ascher P. Glycine uptake governs glycine site occupancy at NMDA receptors of excitatory synapses. J Neurophysiol. (1998)
- ^ Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy U. Are glycine sites saturated in vivo. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (2000)
- ^ Glycine and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors: Physiological Significance and Possible Therapeutic Applications.
- ^ Chattipakorn SC, McMahon LL. Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors depress hyperexcitability in rat dentate gyrus. J Neurophysiol. (2003)
- ^ Song W, Chattipakorn SC, McMahon LL. Glycine-gated chloride channels depress synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus. J Neurophysiol. (2006)
- ^ Danglot L, et al. Morphologically identified glycinergic synapses in the hippocampus. Mol Cell Neurosci. (2004)
- ^ Brackmann M, et al. Cellular and subcellular localization of the inhibitory glycine receptor in hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2004)
- ^ Galli A, et al. Sodium-dependent release of exogenous glycine from preloaded rat hippocampal synaptosomes. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. (1993)
- ^ Fatima-Shad K, Barry PH. Morphological and electrical characteristics of postnatal hippocampal neurons in culture: the presence of bicuculline- and strychnine-sensitive IPSPs. Tissue Cell. (1998)
- ^ a b c d e Moura AP, et al. Glycine Intracerebroventricular Administration Disrupts Mitochondrial Energy Homeostasis in Cerebral Cortex and Striatum of Young Rats. Neurotox Res. (2013)
- ^ a b Busanello EN, et al. Neurochemical evidence that glycine induces bioenergetical dysfunction. Neurochem Int. (2010)
- ^ Zanatta A, et al. In vitro evidence that D-serine disturbs the citric acid cycle through inhibition of citrate synthase activity in rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res. (2009)
- ^ a b Ribeiro CA, et al. Creatine administration prevents Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition induced by intracerebroventricular administration of isovaleric acid in cerebral cortex of young rats. Brain Res. (2009)
- ^ Heresco-Levy U, et al. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. (2004)
- ^ a b High-Dose Glycine Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in a 5-Year Period.
- ^ Subjective effects of glycine ingestion before bedtime on sleep quality.
- ^ a b Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes.
- ^ Bannai M, et al. The effects of glycine on subjective daytime performance in partially sleep-restricted healthy volunteers. Front Neurol. (2012)
- ^ Zhong X, et al. Glycine attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting myocardial apoptosis in rats. J Biomed Res. (2012)
- ^ Schemmer P, et al. Glycine reduces platelet aggregation. Amino Acids. (2013)
- ^ Ding Y, et al. Plasma Glycine and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris. J Am Heart Assoc. (2015)
- ^ Yeo EJ, Wagner C. Tissue distribution of glycine N-methyltransferase, a major folate-binding protein of liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1994)
- ^ a b Chen CY, et al. Deficiency of glycine N-methyltransferase aggravates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Mol Med. (2012)
- ^ Gall WE, et al. alpha-hydroxybutyrate is an early biomarker of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in a nondiabetic population. PLoS One. (2010)
- ^ Thalacker-Mercer AE, et al. BMI, RQ, diabetes, and sex affect the relationships between amino acids and clamp measures of insulin action in humans. Diabetes. (2014)
- ^ Cheng S, et al. Metabolite profiling identifies pathways associated with metabolic risk in humans. Circulation. (2012)
- ^ Lustgarten MS, et al. Serum glycine is associated with regional body fat and insulin resistance in functionally-limited older adults. PLoS One. (2013)
- ^ Mohorko N, et al. Elevated serum levels of cysteine and tyrosine: early biomarkers in asymptomatic adults at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Biomed Res Int. (2015)
- ^ a b Floegel A, et al. Identification of serum metabolites associated with risk of type 2 diabetes using a targeted metabolomic approach. Diabetes. (2013)
- ^ Seibert R, et al. Relationship between insulin resistance and amino acids in women and men. Physiol Rep. (2015)
- ^ a b Xie W, et al. Genetic variants associated with glycine metabolism and their role in insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. (2013)
- ^ a b Magnusson M, et al. Dimethylglycine Deficiency and the Development of Diabetes. Diabetes. (2015)
- ^ Irving BA, et al. Effect of insulin sensitizer therapy on amino acids and their metabolites. Metabolism. (2015)
- ^ Attobla MHBE. Glycine supplementation to improve insulin sensitivity in humans. Master’s Thesis, University of Alabama at Birmingham. (2014)
- ^ Cobb J, et al. A novel test for IGT utilizing metabolite markers of glucose tolerance. J Diabetes Sci Technol. (2015)
- ^ Sekhar RV, et al. Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. (2011)
- ^ Iverson JF, Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Interaction of ingested leucine with glycine on insulin and glucose concentrations. J Amino Acids. (2014)
- ^ Gameiro A, et al. The neurotransmitters glycine and GABA stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 release from the GLUTag cell line. J Physiol. (2005)
- ^ González-Ortiz M, et al. Effect of glycine on insulin secretion and action in healthy first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Horm Metab Res. (2001)
- ^ Bahmani F, et al. Glycine therapy inhibits the progression of cataract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Vis. (2012)
- ^ Ramakrishnan S, Sulochana KN, Punitham R. Free lysine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid reduce the glycation of human lens proteins by galactose. Indian J Biochem Biophys. (1997)
- ^ Ramakrishnan S, Sulochana KN. Decrease in glycation of lens proteins by lysine and glycine by scavenging of glucose and possible mitigation of cataractogenesis. Exp Eye Res. (1993)
- ^ Zhang AH, et al. Metabolomics study of type 2 diabetes using ultra-performance LC-ESI/quadrupole-TOF high-definition MS coupled with pattern recognition methods. J Physiol Biochem. (2014)
- ^ Labonte CC, et al. Plasma Amino Acids vs Conventional Predictors of Insulin Resistance Measured by the Hyperinsulinemic Clamp. J Endocr Soc. (2017)
- ^ Wang-Sattler R, et al. Novel biomarkers for pre-diabetes identified by metabolomics. Mol Syst Biol. (2012)
- ^ Sekhar RV, et al. Glutathione synthesis is diminished in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and restored by dietary supplementation with cysteine and glycine. Diabetes Care. (2011)
- ^ Cruz M, et al. Glycine treatment decreases proinflammatory cytokines and increases interferon-gamma in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest. (2008)
- ^ Kasai K, Kobayashi M, Shimoda SI. Stimulatory effect of glycine on human growth hormone secretion. Metabolism. (1978)
- ^ Gromada J, Franklin I, Wollheim CB. Alpha-cells of the endocrine pancreas: 35 years of research but the enigma remains. Endocr Rev. (2007)
- ^ a b Li C, et al. Regulation of glucagon secretion in normal and diabetic human islets by γ-hydroxybutyrate and glycine. J Biol Chem. (2013)
- ^ Wapnir RA, et al. Absorption of zinc by the rat ileum: effects of histidine and other low-molecular-weight ligands. J Nutr. (1983)
- ^ The role of protein breakdown products in the absorption of essential trace elements.
- ^ Schuette SA, Lashner BA, Janghorbani M. Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. (1994)
- ^ Intestinal transport of dipeptides in man: relative importance of hydrolysis and intact absorption.
- ^ Adibi SA, Morse EL. The number of glycine residues which limits intact absorption of glycine oligopeptides in human jejunum. J Clin Invest. (1977)
- ^ Versiane O, et al. Synthesis, molecular structure and vibrational spectra of a dimeric complex formed by cobalt and glycine. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. (2006)