Coffee extract, Tea extract, Caffeine
Caffeine is a powerful stimulant and can be used to improve strength and endurance. It is found in certain plants and products. Caffeine is classified as a nootropic, as it sensitizes neurons and provides mental stimulation. The main mechanism of caffeine refers to the antagonization of adenosine receptors, a nucleoside that causes sedation and relaxation when it acts on receptors in the brain. Caffeine prevents this action by promoting a state of alertness and wakefulness. Excessive caffeine intake can have some negative effects, such as irritability, anxiety, headache, and insomnia.
- Origin: Plant Based, Synthetic
- Source: Green Tea, Cocoa, Nonessential, Chocolate, coffee, matte, guaraná, black tea, soft drinks
- Type: Stimulant
- Age Range: Adults, Seniors
- Toxicity: May be toxic in high doses
- Outcomes: Muscle Health, Weight Management, Fatigue Prevention, Power Output, Thermogenic Effect
What are Caffeine benefits?
Caffeine is a stimulant anti-sleep compound extracted from coffee beans. Habitual use of caffeine leads to tolerance, which diminishes several of its effects. Besides increasing anaerobic running capacity, it increases blood pressure and fat oxidation. Widely used for sleep inhibition, coffee has become the best-known food as a source of caffeine; however, there are other sources of this substance, such as cocoa, yerba mate, guarana, and chocolate. Take our 3-step test and discover other ways to get the energy you need for a productive day!
Table of relations
Caffeine and Muscle Health
-
Fatigue Prevention
Fatigue is characterized by a reduction in mental energy. It can also appear as acute and/or chronic fatigue. Acute fatigue is due to excessive mentally demanding work. Chronic fatigue is multifactorial, influenced by insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression, causing tiredness and constant lack of motivation. The substances indicated for fatigue help to improve sleep and mood problems as they are neuroprotective, affecting neurological function.
-
Power Output
Power output is the strength the body can develop in the shortest amount of time. It have to do with muscle fibers, creatine stores and ATP.
Caffeine and Weight Management
-
Thermogenic Effect
Thermogenesis is the body's energy production process, responsible for regulating internal temperature and all natural energy processes. There are some nutraceuticals that can amplify this process, such as caffeine and other thermogens.
Table of negative interactions
Related videos about Caffeine
References
- ^ a b Womack CJ, et al. The influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2012)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use.
- ^ Effect of a pre-exercise energy supplement on the acute hormonal response to resistance exercise.
- ^ Hasegawa T, et al. Rapid determination of theophylline, theobromine and caffeine in dietary supplements containing guarana by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. (2009)
- ^ Vieira MA, et al. Phenolic acids and methylxanthines composition and antioxidant properties of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) residue. J Food Sci. (2010)
- ^ Burdock GA, Carabin IG, Crincoli CM. Safety assessment of kola nut extract as a food ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol. (2009)
- ^ a b c Heishman SJ, Henningfield JE. Stimulus functions of caffeine in humans: relation to dependence potential. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (1992)
- ^ a b Barone JJ, Roberts HR. Caffeine consumption. Food Chem Toxicol. (1996)
- ^ Frary CD, Johnson RK, Wang MQ. Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. (2005)
- ^ Knight CA, Knight I, Mitchell DC. Beverage caffeine intakes in young children in Canada and the US. Can J Diet Pract Res. (2006)
- ^ Caffeine: Clinical and experimental effects in humans.
- ^ Shively CA, Tarka SM Jr. Methylxanthine composition and consumption patterns of cocoa and chocolate products. Prog Clin Biol Res. (1984)
- ^ a b Gummadi SN, Bhavya B, Ashok N. Physiology, biochemistry and possible applications of microbial caffeine degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. (2012)
- ^ Heritability and Genetic Covariation of Sensitivity to PROP, SOA, Quinine HCl, and Caffeine.
- ^ a b Zhang L, et al. Caffeine in your drink: natural or synthetic. Anal Chem. (2012)
- ^ Caffeine Identification, Differentiation of Synthetic and Natural Caffeine.
- ^ Differentiation between natural and synthetic taurine using the 13C/12C isotope ratio.
- ^ Cabañero AI, Recio JL, Rupérez M. Liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry: a new perspective on honey adulteration detection. J Agric Food Chem. (2006)
- ^ Cabañero AI, Recio JL, Rupérez M. Simultaneous stable carbon isotopic analysis of wine glycerol and ethanol by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. (2010)
- ^ Jeukendrup AE, Randell R. Fat burners: nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism. Obes Rev. (2011)
- ^ Diepvens K, Westerterp KR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. (2007)
- ^ Relationship between caffeine concentrations in plasma and saliva.
- ^ Carrillo JA, et al. Evaluation of caffeine as an in vivo probe for CYP1A2 using measurements in plasma, saliva, and urine. Ther Drug Monit. (2000)
- ^ a b Liguori A, Hughes JR, Grass JA. Absorption and subjective effects of caffeine from coffee, cola and capsules. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (1997)
- ^ Nicolazzo JA, Reed BL, Finnin BC. The effect of various in vitro conditions on the permeability characteristics of the buccal mucosa. J Pharm Sci. (2003)
- ^ Thakur RA, Michniak BB, Meidan VM. Transdermal and buccal delivery of methylxanthines through human tissue in vitro. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. (2007)
- ^ a b Kamimori GH, et al. The rate of absorption and relative bioavailability of caffeine administered in chewing gum versus capsules to normal healthy volunteers. Int J Pharm. (2002)
- ^ Coffey RJ, et al. The acute effects of coffee and caffeine on human interdigestive exocrine pancreatic secretion. Pancreas. (1986)
- ^ Cohen S, Booth GH Jr. Gastric acid secretion and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in response to coffee and caffeine. N Engl J Med. (1975)
- ^ [The influence of coffee and caffeine on gastrin and acid secretion in man (author’s transl).
- ^ a b Blanchard J, Sawers SJ. Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly men. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. (1983)
- ^ a b c d Blanchard J, Sawers SJ. The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (1983)
- ^ a b Bonati M, et al. Caffeine disposition after oral doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1982)
- ^ a b c d e f Magkos F, Kavouras SA. Caffeine use in sports, pharmacokinetics in man, and cellular mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2005)
- ^ Conway KJ, Orr R, Stannard SR. Effect of a divided caffeine dose on endurance cycling performance, postexercise urinary caffeine concentration, and plasma paraxanthine. J Appl Physiol. (2003)
- ^ Cox GR, et al. Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. (2002)
- ^ Marks V, Kelly JF. Absorption of caffeine from tea, coffee, and coca cola. Lancet. (1973)
- ^ a b Mumford GK, et al. Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (1996)
- ^ a b Fredholm BB, et al. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev. (1999)
- ^ Eteng MU, et al. Recent advances in caffeine and theobromine toxicities: a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. (1997)
- ^ Tansy MF, Kendall FM. Experimental and clinical aspects of gastrocolic reflexes. Am J Dig Dis. (1973)
- ^ Lohsiriwat S, Kongmuang P, Leelakusolvong S. Effects of caffeine on anorectal manometric findings. Dis Colon Rectum. (2008)
- ^ Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, et al. Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2001)
- ^ Crozier TW, et al. Espresso coffees, caffeine and chlorogenic acid intake: potential health implications. Food Funct. (2012)
- ^ Miners JO, Birkett DJ. The use of caffeine as a metabolic probe for human drug metabolizing enzymes. Gen Pharmacol. (1996)
- ^ Lelo A, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its primary demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. (1986)
- ^ Kalow W, Tang BK. Use of caffeine metabolite ratios to explore CYP1A2 and xanthine oxidase activities. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1991)
- ^ a b Kashuba AD, et al. Quantitation of three-month intraindividual variability and influence of sex and menstrual cycle phase on CYP1A2, N-acetyltransferase-2, and xanthine oxidase activity determined with caffeine phenotyping. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1998)
- ^ a b c Chen Y, et al. Genistein alters caffeine exposure in healthy female volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (2011)
- ^ a b Caubet MS, et al. Analysis of urinary caffeine metabolites by HPLC-DAD: the use of metabolic ratios to assess CYP1A2 enzyme activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal. (2002)
- ^ a b Carrillo JA, Benitez J. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between dietary caffeine and medications. Clin Pharmacokinet. (2000)
- ^ Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its primary demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in man.
- ^ Kennedy JS, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous caffeine: comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methods. J Chromatogr. (1987)
- ^ a b Newton R, et al. Plasma and salivary pharmacokinetics of caffeine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (1981)
- ^ a b Collomp K, et al. Effects of moderate exercise on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (1991)
- ^ Burg AW, Werner E. Tissue distribution of caffeine and its metabolites in the mouse. Biochem Pharmacol. (1972)
- ^ Comparison of the effects of caffeine and other methylxanthines on {Ca2+}i in rat ventricular myocytes.
- ^ a b Ståhle L, Arner P, Ungerstedt U. Drug distribution studies with microdialysis. III: Extracellular concentration of caffeine in adipose tissue in man. Life Sci. (1991)
- ^ Yang A, Palmer AA, de Wit H. Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2010)
- ^ Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Caffeine intake, tolerance, and withdrawal in women: a population-based twin study. Am J Psychiatry. (1999)
- ^ Hettema JM, Corey LA, Kendler KS. A multivariate genetic analysis of the use of tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine in a population based sample of male and female twins. Drug Alcohol Depend. (1999)
- ^ Genetics of coffee consumption and its stability.
- ^ Kendler KS, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, and nicotine use from early adolescence to middle adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (2008)
- ^ a b c d Sachse C, et al. Functional significance of a C–>A polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. (1999)
- ^ Ghotbi R, et al. Comparisons of CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms, enzyme activity and the genotype-phenotype relationship in Swedes and Koreans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (2007)
- ^ Djordjevic N, et al. Induction of CYP1A2 by heavy coffee consumption in Serbs and Swedes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (2008)
- ^ Djordjevic N, et al. Induction of CYP1A2 by heavy coffee consumption is associated with the CYP1A2 -163C>A polymorphism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (2010)
- ^ a b Djordjevic N, et al. Comparison of N-Acetyltransferase-2 Enzyme Genotype-Phenotype and Xanthine Oxidase Enzyme Activity Between Swedes and Koreans. J Clin Pharmacol. (2011)
- ^ Djordjevic N, et al. In vivo evaluation of CYP2A6 and xanthine oxidase enzyme activities in the Serbian population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (2010)
- ^ Begas E, et al. In vivo evaluation of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT-2 and xanthine oxidase activities in a Greek population sample by the RP-HPLC monitoring of caffeine metabolic ratios. Biomed Chromatogr. (2007)
- ^ Aklillu E, et al. Xanthine oxidase activity is influenced by environmental factors in Ethiopians. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (2003)
- ^ Saruwatari J, et al. A population phenotyping study of three drug-metabolizing enzymes in Kyushu, Japan, with use of the caffeine test. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (2002)
- ^ Guerciolini R, Szumlanski C, Weinshilboum RM. Human liver xanthine oxidase: nature and extent of individual variation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1991)
- ^ Carrillo JA, Benítez J. Caffeine metabolism in a healthy Spanish population: N-acetylator phenotype and oxidation pathways. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1994)
- ^ Perera V, et al. Pharmacokinetics of caffeine in plasma and saliva, and the influence of caffeine abstinence on CYP1A2 metrics. J Pharm Pharmacol. (2011)
- ^ Tantcheva-Poór I, et al. Estimation of cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 activity in 863 healthy Caucasians using a saliva-based caffeine test. Pharmacogenetics. (1999)
- ^ a b McLean C, Graham TE. Effects of exercise and thermal stress on caffeine pharmacokinetics in men and eumenorrheic women. J Appl Physiol. (2002)
- ^ Vistisen K, Loft S, Poulsen HE. Cytochrome P450 IA2 activity in man measured by caffeine metabolism: effect of smoking, broccoli and exercise. Adv Exp Med Biol. (1991)
- ^ Schrenk D, et al. A distribution study of CYP1A2 phenotypes among smokers and non-smokers in a cohort of healthy Caucasian volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (1998)
- ^ Butler MA, et al. Determination of CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotypes in human populations by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics. (1992)
- ^ Parsons WD, Neims AH. Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1978)
- ^ Simon T, et al. Variability of cytochrome P450 1A2 activity over time in young and elderly healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. (2001)
- ^ Foreign compound metabolism capacity in man measured from metabolites of dietary caffeine.
- ^ Carrillo JA, Benitez J. CYP1A2 activity, gender and smoking, as variables influencing the toxicity of caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. (1996)
- ^ Analysis of urinary caffeine metabolites to assess biotransformation enzyme activities by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
- ^ Arnaud MJ. The pharmacology of caffeine. Prog Drug Res. (1987)
- ^ Comparative metabolic disposition of {1-Me14C}caffeine in rats, mice, and Chinese hamsters.
- ^ Zhang M, et al. Role of CBP and SATB-1 in aging, dietary restriction, and insulin-like signaling. PLoS Biol. (2009)
- ^ Lublin A, et al. FDA-approved drugs that protect mammalian neurons from glucose toxicity slow aging dependent on cbp and protect against proteotoxicity. PLoS One. (2011)
- ^ a b c Wanke V, et al. Caffeine extends yeast lifespan by targeting TORC1. Mol Microbiol. (2008)
- ^ Powers RW 3rd, et al. Extension of chronological life span in yeast by decreased TOR pathway signaling. Genes Dev. (2006)
- ^ Wanke V, et al. Regulation of G0 entry by the Pho80-Pho85 cyclin-CDK complex. EMBO J. (2005)
- ^ Cameroni E, et al. The novel yeast PAS kinase Rim 15 orchestrates G0-associated antioxidant defense mechanisms. Cell Cycle. (2004)
- ^ Fabrizio P, et al. Regulation of longevity and stress resistance by Sch9 in yeast. Science. (2001)
- ^ Reinders A, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cAMP-dependent protein kinase controls entry into stationary phase through the Rim15p protein kinase. Genes Dev. (1998)
- ^ Liu Y, et al. Computational study of the binding modes of caffeine to the adenosine A2A receptor. J Phys Chem B. (2011)
- ^ Paluska SA. Caffeine and exercise. Curr Sports Med Rep. (2003)
- ^ Porkka-Heiskanen T. Methylxanthines and sleep. Handb Exp Pharmacol. (2011)
- ^ Huang ZL, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. The role of adenosine in the regulation of sleep. Curr Top Med Chem. (2011)
- ^ Ferre S, et al. Adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers: new targets for caffeine in the brain. Front Biosci. (2008)
- ^ Elmenhorst D, et al. Caffeine Occupancy of Human Cerebral A1 Adenosine Receptors: In Vivo Quantification with 18F-CPFPX and PET. J Nucl Med. (2012)
- ^ Ursin R, Bjorvatn B. Sleep-wake and eeg effects following adenosine a1 agonism and antagonism: similarities and interactions with sleep-wake and eeg effects following a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in rats. Sleep Res Online. (1998)
- ^ de Ligt RA, IJzerman AP. Intrinsic activity at adenosine A1 receptors: partial and inverse agonism. Curr Pharm Des. (2002)
- ^ a b Fredholm BB, et al. Nomenclature and classification of purinoceptors. Pharmacol Rev. (1994)
- ^ Fredholm BB. Astra Award Lecture. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and the actions of caffeine. Pharmacol Toxicol. (1995)
- ^ a b c Van Dort CJ, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R. Adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in mouse prefrontal cortex modulate acetylcholine release and behavioral arousal. J Neurosci. (2009)
- ^ Björklund O, et al. Decreased behavioral activation following caffeine, amphetamine and darkness in A3 adenosine receptor knock-out mice. Physiol Behav. (2008)
- ^ a b c d e f Shi D, et al. Chronic caffeine alters the density of adenosine, adrenergic, cholinergic, GABA, and serotonin receptors and calcium channels in mouse brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol. (1993)
- ^ a b c d Holtzman SG, Mante S, Minneman KP. Role of adenosine receptors in caffeine tolerance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (1991)
- ^ Varani K, et al. Caffeine alters A2A adenosine receptors and their function in human platelets. Circulation. (1999)
- ^ Conlay LA, et al. Caffeine alters plasma adenosine levels. Nature. (1997)
- ^ a b c Haleem DJ, et al. 24h withdrawal following repeated administration of caffeine attenuates brain serotonin but not tryptophan in rat brain: implications for caffeine-induced depression. Life Sci. (1995)
- ^ a b Khaliq S, et al. Altered brain serotonergic neurotransmission following caffeine withdrawal produces behavioral deficits in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. (2012)
- ^ Chen MD, et al. Effect of caffeine on the levels of brain serotonin and catecholamine in the genetically obese mice. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). (1994)
- ^ a b Okada M, et al. Effects of adenosine receptor subtypes on hippocampal extracellular serotonin level and serotonin reuptake activity. J Neurochem. (1997)
- ^ Chin A, et al. The role of mechanical forces and adenosine in the regulation of intestinal enterochromaffin cell serotonin secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. (2012)
- ^ Bach-Rojecky L. Analgesic effect of caffeine and clomipramine: a possible interaction between adenosine and serotonin systems. Acta Pharm. (2003)
- ^ Carter AJ. Hippocampal noradrenaline release in awake, freely moving rats is regulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors but not by adenosine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (1997)
- ^ a b c Graham TE, Spriet LL. Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. J Appl Physiol. (1995)
- ^ Shi D, Daly JW. Chronic effects of xanthines on levels of central receptors in mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol. (1999)
- ^ Conde SV, et al. Chronic caffeine intake decreases circulating catecholamines and prevents diet-induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats. Br J Nutr. (2012)
- ^ Bangsbo J, et al. Acute and habitual caffeine ingestion and metabolic responses to steady-state exercise. J Appl Physiol. (1992)
- ^ a b c d Solinas M, et al. Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci. (2002)
- ^ a b Quarta D, et al. Adenosine receptor-mediated modulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens depends on glutamate neurotransmission and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor stimulation. J Neurochem. (2004)
- ^ Powell KR, Holtzman SG. Lack of NMDA receptor involvement in caffeine-induced locomotor stimulation and tolerance in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (1998)
- ^ a b c d Acquas E, Tanda G, Di Chiara G. Differential effects of caffeine on dopamine and acetylcholine transmission in brain areas of drug-naive and caffeine-pretreated rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. (2002)
- ^ Carter AJ, et al. Caffeine enhances acetylcholine release in the hippocampus in vivo by a selective interaction with adenosine A1 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (1995)
- ^ Corradetti R, et al. Chronic caffeine treatment reduces caffeine but not adenosine effects on cortical acetylcholine release. Br J Pharmacol. (1986)
- ^ Finn IB, Iuvone PM, Holtzman SG. Depletion of catecholamines in the brain of rats differentially affects stimulation of locomotor activity by caffeine, D-amphetamine, and methylphenidate. Neuropharmacology. (1990)
- ^ Monoamine synthesis and caffeine-induced locomotor activity.
- ^ Garrett BE, Holtzman SG. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists block caffeine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (1994)
- ^ a b c d e Garrett BE, Holtzman SG. Caffeine cross-tolerance to selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists but not to their synergistic interaction. Eur J Pharmacol. (1994)
- ^ Garrett BE, Holtzman SG. Does adenosine receptor blockade mediate caffeine-induced rotational behavior. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (1995)
- ^ Le Moine C, et al. Dopamine-adenosine interactions in the striatum and the globus pallidus: inhibition of striatopallidal neurons through either D2 or A2A receptors enhances D1 receptor-mediated effects on c-fos expression. J Neurosci. (1997)
- ^ Holtzman SG. CGS 15943, a nonxanthine adenosine receptor antagonist: effects on locomotor activity of nontolerant and caffeine-tolerant rats. Life Sci. (1991)
- ^ Powell KR, Iuvone PM, Holtzman SG. The role of dopamine in the locomotor stimulant effects and tolerance to these effects of caffeine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2001)
- ^ Garrett BE, Holtzman SG. The effects of dopamine agonists on rotational behavior in non-tolerant and caffeine-tolerant rats. Behav Pharmacol. (1995)
- ^ Cauli O, Morelli M. Subchronic caffeine administration sensitizes rats to the motor-activating effects of dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2002)
- ^ Tronci E, et al. Potentiation of amphetamine-mediated responses in caffeine-sensitized rats involves modifications in A2A receptors and zif-268 mRNAs in striatal neurons. J Neurochem. (2006)
- ^ Cauli O, Pinna A, Morelli M. Subchronic intermittent caffeine administration to unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats sensitizes turning behaviour in response to dopamine D(1) but not D(2) receptor agonists. Behav Pharmacol. (2005)
- ^ a b Shi D, et al. Effects of chronic caffeine on adenosine, dopamine and acetylcholine systems in mice. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. (1994)
- ^ a b Smillie LD, Gökçen E. Caffeine enhances working memory for extraverts. Biol Psychol. (2010)
- ^ Personality, caffeine and human cognitive performance.
- ^ a b Revelle W, Amaral P, Turriff S. Introversion/extroversion, time stress, and caffeine: effect on verbal performance. Science. (1976)
- ^ Extraversion and dopamine: Individual differences in response to changes in dopaminergic activity as a possible biological basis of extraversion.
- ^ a b Childs E, de Wit H. Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of acute caffeine in light, nondependent caffeine users. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2006)
- ^ Lindskog M, et al. Involvement of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine. Nature. (2002)
- ^ Svenningsson P, Nairn AC, Greengard P. DARPP-32 mediates the actions of multiple drugs of abuse. AAPS J. (2005)
- ^ Walaas SI, et al. Beyond the dopamine receptor: regulation and roles of serine/threonine protein phosphatases. Front Neuroanat. (2011)
- ^ Dawkins L, et al. Expectation of having consumed caffeine can improve performance and mood. Appetite. (2011)
- ^ a b Backhouse SH, et al. Caffeine ingestion, affect and perceived exertion during prolonged cycling. Appetite. (2011)
- ^ a b Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. (1992)
- ^ Caffeine and human cerebral blood flow: A positron emission tomography study.
- ^ Lunt MJ, et al. Comparison of caffeine-induced changes in cerebral blood flow and middle cerebral artery blood velocity shows that caffeine reduces middle cerebral artery diameter. Physiol Meas. (2004)
- ^ a b Field AS, et al. Dietary caffeine consumption and withdrawal: confounding variables in quantitative cerebral perfusion studies. Radiology. (2003)
- ^ Sigmon SC, et al. Caffeine withdrawal, acute effects, tolerance, and absence of net beneficial effects of chronic administration: cerebral blood flow velocity, quantitative EEG, and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2009)
- ^ a b c Mathew RJ, Wilson WH. Caffeine consumption, withdrawal and cerebral blood flow. Headache. (1985)
- ^ a b c Kennedy DO, Haskell CF. Cerebral blood flow and behavioural effects of caffeine in habitual and non-habitual consumers of caffeine: a near infrared spectroscopy study. Biol Psychol. (2011)
- ^ a b c Perthen JE, et al. Caffeine-induced uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism: a calibrated BOLD fMRI study. Neuroimage. (2008)
- ^ a b Chen Y, Parrish TB. Caffeine’s effects on cerebrovascular reactivity and coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism. Neuroimage. (2009)
- ^ Caffeine withdrawal, acute effects, tolerance, and absence of net beneficial effects of chronic administration: cerebral blood flow velocity, quantitative EEG and subjective effects.
- ^ Watson J, Deary I, Kerr D. Central and peripheral effects of sustained caffeine use: tolerance is incomplete. Br J Clin Pharmacol. (2002)
- ^ Chiu GS, et al. Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Impairs Memory Formation via Adenosine-Dependent Activation of Caspase 1. J Neurosci. (2012)
- ^ a b c Dager SR, et al. Human brain metabolic response to caffeine and the effects of tolerance. Am J Psychiatry. (1999)
- ^ a b Rogers PJ, et al. Association of the anxiogenic and alerting effects of caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 polymorphisms and habitual level of caffeine consumption. Neuropsychopharmacology. (2010)
- ^ Childs E, et al. Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology. (2008)
- ^ Alsene K, et al. Association between A2a receptor gene polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology. (2003)
- ^ Lane JD, et al. Caffeine effects on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to acute psychosocial stress and their relationship to level of habitual caffeine consumption. Psychosom Med. (1990)
- ^ Alzoubi KH, et al. Caffeine prevents cognitive impairment induced by chronic psychosocial stress and/or high fat-high carbohydrate diet. Behav Brain Res. (2012)
- ^ a b Prediger RD. Effects of caffeine in Parkinson’s disease: from neuroprotection to the management of motor and non-motor symptoms. J Alzheimers Dis. (2010)
- ^ a b Kanda T, et al. Adenosine A2A antagonist: a novel antiparkinsonian agent that does not provoke dyskinesia in parkinsonian monkeys. Ann Neurol. (1998)
- ^ a b Grondin R, et al. Antiparkinsonian effect of a new selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist in MPTP-treated monkeys. Neurology. (1999)
- ^ Postuma RB, et al. Caffeine for treatment of Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology. (2012)
- ^ Fernandez HH, et al. Istradefylline as monotherapy for Parkinson disease: results of the 6002-US-051 trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. (2010)
- ^ Hauser RA, et al. Study of istradefylline in patients with Parkinson’s disease on levodopa with motor fluctuations. Mov Disord. (2008)
- ^ Stacy M, et al. A 12-week, placebo-controlled study (6002-US-006) of istradefylline in Parkinson disease. Neurology. (2008)
- ^ LeWitt PA, et al. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline (KW-6002) reduces “off” time in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter clinical trial (6002-US-005). Ann Neurol. (2008)
- ^ Ross GW, et al. Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA. (2000)
- ^ Ascherio A, et al. Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease in men and women. Ann Neurol. (2001)
- ^ Sääksjärvi K, et al. Prospective study of coffee consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2008)
- ^ Ravina BM, et al. Neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic assessment. Neurology. (2003)
- ^ Schwarzschild MA, et al. Neuroprotection by caffeine and more specific A2A receptor antagonists in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. (2003)
- ^ Xu K, et al. Estrogen prevents neuroprotection by caffeine in the mouse 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci. (2006)
- ^ Xu K, et al. Caffeine’s neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity shows no tolerance to chronic caffeine administration in mice. Neurosci Lett. (2002)
- ^ a b Griffiths RR, Woodson PP. Reinforcing effects of caffeine in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (1988)
- ^ Wise RA, Bozarth MA. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychol Rev. (1987)
- ^ De Luca MA, et al. Caffeine and accumbens shell dopamine. J Neurochem. (2007)
- ^ Nehlig A. Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (1999)
- ^ Quarta D, et al. Opposite modulatory roles for adenosine A1 and A2A receptors on glutamate and dopamine release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. Effects of chronic caffeine exposure. J Neurochem. (2004)
- ^ a b c Burke TM, et al. Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro. Sci Transl Med. (2015)
- ^ a b Mora-Rodríguez R, et al. Caffeine ingestion reverses the circadian rhythm effects on neuromuscular performance in highly resistance-trained men. PLoS One. (2012)
- ^ Souissi N, et al. Diurnal variation in Wingate test performances: influence of active warm-up. Chronobiol Int. (2010)
- ^ Sedliak M, et al. Diurnal variation in maximal and submaximal strength, power and neural activation of leg extensors in men: multiple sampling across two consecutive days. Int J Sports Med. (2008)
- ^ a b c d e f Cook C, et al. Acute caffeine ingestion increases voluntarily chosen resistance training load following limited sleep. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2012)
- ^ a b Wang S, Noh SK, Koo SI. Epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine differentially inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and fat in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr. (2006)
- ^ Fears R. The hypercholesterolaemic effect of caffeine in rats fed on diets with and without supplementary cholesterol. Br J Nutr. (1978)
- ^ a b Renda G, et al. Genetic determinants of blood pressure responses to caffeine drinking. Am J Clin Nutr. (2012)
- ^ a b c Robertson D, et al. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest. (1981)
- ^ Ledent C, et al. Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor. Nature. (1997)
- ^ Caffeine and theophylline as adenosine receptor antagonists in humans.
- ^ Varani K, et al. Caffeine intake induces an alteration in human neutrophil A2A adenosine receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2005)
- ^ Bassini-Cameron A, et al. Effect of caffeine supplementation on haematological and biochemical variables in elite soccer players under physical stress conditions. Br J Sports Med. (2007)
- ^ Bak AA, van Vliet HH, Grobbee DE. Coffee, caffeine and hemostasis: results from two randomized studies. Atherosclerosis. (1990)
- ^ Steptoe A, et al. The effects of tea on psychophysiological stress responsivity and post-stress recovery: a randomised double-blind trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2007)
- ^ Habitual Coffee Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.
- ^ a b c d Greer F, et al. Caffeine ingestion decreases glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in sedentary humans. Diabetes. (2001)
- ^ a b c d Keijzers GB, et al. Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care. (2002)
- ^ a b c Pizziol A, et al. Effects of caffeine on glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr. (1998)
- ^ Thong FS, et al. Caffeine-induced impairment of insulin action but not insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle is reduced by exercise. Diabetes. (2002)
- ^ Shearer J, et al. Quinides of roasted coffee enhance insulin action in conscious rats. J Nutr. (2003)
- ^ van Dijk AE, et al. Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. (2009)
- ^ Bassoli BK, et al. Chlorogenic acid reduces the plasma glucose peak in the oral glucose tolerance test: effects on hepatic glucose release and glycaemia. Cell Biochem Funct. (2008)
- ^ Rodriguez de Sotillo DV, Hadley M, Sotillo JE. Insulin receptor exon 11+/- is expressed in Zucker (fa/fa) rats, and chlorogenic acid modifies their plasma insulin and liver protein and DNA. J Nutr Biochem. (2006)
- ^ a b c Pedersen DJ, et al. High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine. J Appl Physiol. (2008)
- ^ Ca2+ and AMPK Both Mediate Stimulation of Glucose Transport by Muscle Contractions.
- ^ a b Natella F, Scaccini C. Role of coffee in modulation of diabetes risk. Nutr Rev. (2012)
- ^ van Dam RM, Feskens EJ. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet. (2002)
- ^ Carlsson S, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish twins. Int J Epidemiol. (2004)
- ^ Salazar-Martinez E, et al. Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. (2004)
- ^ Sartorelli DS, et al. Differential effects of coffee on the risk of type 2 diabetes according to meal consumption in a French cohort of women: the E3N/EPIC cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. (2010)
- ^ Coffee and incidence of diabetes in Swedish women: a prospective 18-year follow-up study.
- ^ Tuomilehto J, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged Finnish men and women. JAMA. (2004)
- ^ van Dam RM, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA. (2005)
- ^ a b Huxley R, et al. Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. (2009)
- ^ Yoshida T, et al. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. (1994)
- ^ a b c Acheson KJ, et al. Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. (1980)
- ^ a b c Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers.
- ^ Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals.
- ^ LeBlanc J, et al. Enhanced metabolic response to caffeine in exercise-trained human subjects. J Appl Physiol. (1985)
- ^ Poehlman ET, et al. Influence of caffeine on the resting metabolic rate of exercise-trained and inactive subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1985)
- ^ Astrup A, et al. The effect and safety of an ephedrine/caffeine compound compared to ephedrine, caffeine and placebo in obese subjects on an energy restricted diet. A double blind trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. (1992)
- ^ Pasman WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WH. The effectiveness of long-term supplementation of carbohydrate, chromium, fibre and caffeine on weight maintenance. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. (1997)
- ^ Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM. Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation. Obes Res. (2005)
- ^ Racotta IS, Leblanc J, Richard D. The effect of caffeine on food intake in rats: involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor and the sympatho-adrenal system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (1994)
- ^ Gavrieli A1, et al. Caffeinated coffee does not acutely affect energy intake, appetite, or inflammation but prevents serum cortisol concentrations from falling in healthy men. J Nutr. (2011)
- ^ Caffeine reduces spontaneous energy intake in men but not in women.
- ^ a b c d Norager CB, et al. Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75-year old citizens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). (2006)
- ^ a b Hadjicharalambous M, et al. Influence of caffeine on perception of effort, metabolism and exercise performance following a high-fat meal. J Sports Sci. (2006)
- ^ Choi OH, et al. Caffeine and theophylline analogues: correlation of behavioral effects with activity as adenosine receptor antagonists and as phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Life Sci. (1988)
- ^ Smellie FW, et al. Alkylxanthines: inhibition of adenosine-elicited accumulation of cyclic AMP in brain slices and of brain phosphodiesterase activity. Life Sci. (1979)
- ^ Are methylxanthine effects due to antagonism of endogenous adenosine?.
- ^ a b The effects of low-dose caffeine on perceived pain during a grip to exhaustion task.
- ^ Davis JK, Green JM. Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action. Sports Med. (2009)
- ^ a b Tarnopolsky M, Cupido C. Caffeine potentiates low frequency skeletal muscle force in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers. J Appl Physiol. (2000)
- ^ a b c Astorino TA, Rohmann RL, Firth K. Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2008)
- ^ Williams AD, et al. The effect of ephedra and caffeine on maximal strength and power in resistance-trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res. (2008)
- ^ Izquierdo M, et al. Effects of long-term training specificity on maximal strength and power of the upper and lower extremities in athletes from different sports. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2002)
- ^ González-Badillo JJ, Sánchez-Medina L. Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training. Int J Sports Med. (2010)
- ^ Duncan MJ, Oxford SW. The effect of caffeine ingestion on mood state and bench press performance to failure. J Strength Cond Res. (2011)
- ^ Astorino TA, et al. Minimal effect of acute caffeine ingestion on intense resistance training performance. J Strength Cond Res. (2011)
- ^ Mohr T, et al. Caffeine ingestion and metabolic responses of tetraplegic humans during electrical cycling. J Appl Physiol. (1998)
- ^ a b Glaister M, et al. Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2008)
- ^ Schneiker KT, et al. Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2006)
- ^ Astorino TA, Roberson DW. Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity exercise performance: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
- ^ Bishop D. Dietary supplements and team-sport performance. Sports Med. (2010)
- ^ Desbrow B, et al. The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance. J Sports Sci. (2012)
- ^ Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers.
- ^ Bell DG, McLellan TM. Effect of repeated caffeine ingestion on repeated exhaustive exercise endurance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2003)
- ^ Van Baak MA, Saris WH. The effect of caffeine on endurance performance after nonselective beta-adrenergic blockade. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2000)
- ^ The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.
- ^ a b c Paton CD, Lowe T, Irvine A. Caffeinated chewing gum increases repeated sprint performance and augments increases in testosterone in competitive cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2010)
- ^ a b c Beaven CM, et al. Dose effect of caffeine on testosterone and cortisol responses to resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2008)
- ^ Gillingham R, et al. Effect of caffeine on target detection and rifle marksmanship. Ergonomics. (2003)
- ^ Celec P, Behuliak M. Behavioural and endocrine effects of chronic cola intake. J Psychopharmacol. (2010)
- ^ a b Wedick NM, et al. The effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on sex hormone-binding globulin and endogenous sex hormone levels: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. (2012)
- ^ Södergård R, et al. Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta to human plasma proteins at body temperature. J Steroid Biochem. (1982)
- ^ a b Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Caffeine intake and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol. (1996)
- ^ Goto A, et al. Coffee and caffeine consumption in relation to sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women. Diabetes. (2011)
- ^ a b Kotsopoulos J, et al. Relationship between caffeine intake and plasma sex hormone concentrations in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cancer. (2009)
- ^ Nagata C, Kabuto M, Shimizu H. Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women. Nutr Cancer. (1998)
- ^ London S, et al. Alcohol and other dietary factors in relation to serum hormone concentrations in women at climacteric. Am J Clin Nutr. (1991)
- ^ Lucero J, et al. Early follicular phase hormone levels in relation to patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and coffee use. Fertil Steril. (2001)
- ^ Lovallo WR, et al. Stress-like adrenocorticotropin responses to caffeine in young healthy men. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (1996)
- ^ Lin AS, et al. Effects of intravenous caffeine administered to healthy males during sleep. Depress Anxiety. (1997)
- ^ Lovallo WR, et al. Caffeine stimulation of cortisol secretion across the waking hours in relation to caffeine intake levels. Psychosom Med. (2005)
- ^ Sung BH, et al. Effects of caffeine on blood pressure response during exercise in normotensive healthy young men. Am J Cardiol. (1990)
- ^ Laurent D, et al. Effects of caffeine on muscle glycogen utilization and the neuroendocrine axis during exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2000)
- ^ Whitham M, Walker GJ, Bishop NC. Effect of caffeine supplementation on the extracellular heat shock protein 72 response to exercise. J Appl Physiol. (2006)
- ^ Woolf K, Bidwell WK, Carlson AG. The effect of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in anaerobic exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2008)
- ^ Lovallo WR, et al. Cortisol responses to mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine intake in men and women. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2006)
- ^ Pincomb GA, et al. Caffeine enhances the physiological response to occupational stress in medical students. Health Psychol. (1987)
- ^ Lovallo WR, et al. Caffeine may potentiate adrenocortical stress responses in hypertension-prone men. Hypertension. (1989)
- ^ a b Pincomb GA, et al. Effect of behavior state on caffeine’s ability to alter blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. (1988)
- ^ Nickell PV, Uhde TW. Dose-response effects of intravenous caffeine in normal volunteers. Anxiety. (1994-1995)
- ^ Giles GE, et al. Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2012)
- ^ Gilbert DG, et al. Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, on EEG topography, mood, heart rate, cortisol, and vigilance. Psychophysiology. (2000)
- ^ Lane JD. Neuroendocrine responses to caffeine in the work environment. Psychosom Med. (1994)
- ^ Song F, Qureshi AA, Han J. Increased caffeine intake is associated with reduced risk of Basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cancer Res. (2012)
- ^ Sinha R, et al. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea intakes and risk of colorectal cancer in a large prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. (2012)
- ^ The Relationship between Caffeine and Coffee Consumption and Exfoliation Glaucoma or Glaucoma Suspect: A Prospective Study in Two Cohorts.
- ^ Evans SM, Griffiths RR. Caffeine tolerance and choice in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (1992)
- ^ Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos A, et al. Effects of caffeine on alertness. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (1990)
- ^ a b Kennedy MD, et al. The cumulative effect of coffee and a mental stress task on heart rate, blood pressure, and mental alertness is similar in caffeine-naïve and caffeine-habituated females. Nutr Res. (2008)
- ^ Sharp DS, Benowitz NL. Pharmacoepidemiology of the effect of caffeine on blood pressure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1990)
- ^ Ammar R, et al. Evaluation of electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of caffeine with acute dosing in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy. (2001)
- ^ Myers MG, Reeves RA. The effect of caffeine on daytime ambulatory blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. (1991)
- ^ Lovallo WR, et al. Blood pressure response to caffeine shows incomplete tolerance after short-term regular consumption. Hypertension. (2004)
- ^ Farag NH, et al. Hemodynamic mechanisms underlying the incomplete tolerance to caffeine’s pressor effects. Am J Cardiol. (2005)
- ^ Woolf K, Bidwell WK, Carlson AG. Effect of caffeine as an ergogenic aid during anaerobic exercise performance in caffeine naïve collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res. (2009)
- ^ a b Sukhotina IA, et al. Caffeine withdrawal syndrome in social interaction test in mice: effects of the NMDA receptor channel blockers, memantine and neramexane. Behav Pharmacol. (2004)
- ^ Headache caused by caffeine withdrawal among moderate coffee drinkers switched from ordinary to decaffeinated coffee: a 12 week double blind trial.
- ^ Couturier EG, et al. Influence of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on headache and cerebral blood flow velocities. Cephalalgia. (1997)
- ^ Jones HE, et al. Caffeine withdrawal increases cerebral blood flow velocity and alters quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2000)
- ^ a b Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2004)
- ^ a b Streufert S, et al. Effects of caffeine deprivation on complex human functioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (1995)
- ^ a b Keane MA, James JE, Hogan MJ. Effects of dietary caffeine on topographic EEG after controlling for withdrawal and withdrawal reversal. Neuropsychobiology. (2007)
- ^ Ratliff-Crain J, O’Keeffe MK, Baum A. Cardiovascular reactivity, mood, and task performance in deprived and nondeprived coffee drinkers. Health Psychol. (1989)
- ^ Goldstein A, Kaizer S, Whitby O. Psychotropic effects of caffeine in man. IV. Quantitative and qualitative differences associated with habituation to coffee. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1969)
- ^ Reeves RR, et al. Topographic quantitative EEG measures of alpha and theta power changes during caffeine withdrawal: preliminary findings from normal subjects. Clin Electroencephalogr. (1995)
- ^ Holtzman SG. Complete, reversible, drug-specific tolerance to stimulation of locomotor activity by caffeine. Life Sci. (1983)
- ^ a b Gasior M, et al. Changes in the ambulatory activity and discriminative stimulus effects of psychostimulant drugs in rats chronically exposed to caffeine: effect of caffeine dose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2000)
- ^ a b Boulenger JP, et al. Chronic caffeine consumption increases the number of brain adenosine receptors. Life Sci. (1983)
- ^ Newland MC, Brown K. Behavioral characterization of caffeine and adenosine agonists during chronic caffeine exposure. Behav Pharmacol. (1997)
- ^ a b Vauquelin G, et al. New insights in insurmountable antagonism. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. (2002)
- ^ Kenakin T, Jenkinson S, Watson C. Determining the potency and molecular mechanism of action of insurmountable antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2006)
- ^ a b Ahlijanian MK, Takemori AE. Cross-tolerance studies between caffeine and (-)-N6-(phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA) in mice. Life Sci. (1986)
- ^ Chronic caffeine alters the density of adenosine, adrenergic, cholinergic, GABA, and serotonin receptors and calcium channels in mouse brain.
- ^ World Health Organization Expert committee on drug dependence.
- ^ a b c Einöther SJ, et al. L-theanine and caffeine improve task switching but not intersensory attention or subjective alertness. Appetite. (2010)
- ^ Giesbrecht T, et al. The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutr Neurosci. (2010)
- ^ a b Owen GN, et al. The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutr Neurosci. (2008)
- ^ Bryan J. Psychological effects of dietary components of tea: caffeine and L-theanine. Nutr Rev. (2008)
- ^ Haskell CF, et al. The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biol Psychol. (2008)
- ^ Rogers PJ, et al. Time for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2008)
- ^ a b Kelly SP, et al. L-theanine and caffeine in combination affect human cognition as evidenced by oscillatory alpha-band activity and attention task performance. J Nutr. (2008)
- ^ Foxe JJ, et al. Assessing the effects of caffeine and theanine on the maintenance of vigilance during a sustained attention task. Neuropharmacology. (2012)
- ^ Zheng G, et al. Anti-obesity effects of three major components of green tea, catechins, caffeine and theanine, in mice. In Vivo. (2004)
- ^ Kakuda T, et al. Inhibiting effects of theanine on caffeine stimulation evaluated by EEG in the rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2000)
- ^ Jang HS, et al. L-theanine partially counteracts caffeine-induced sleep disturbances in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2012)
- ^ Aggarwal R, et al. Effect of caffeine and taurine on simulated laparoscopy performed following sleep deprivation. Br J Surg. (2011)
- ^ Astrup A, et al. Thermogenic synergism between ephedrine and caffeine in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Metabolism. (1991)
- ^ Dulloo AG, Miller DS. The thermogenic properties of ephedrine/methylxanthine mixtures: human studies. Int J Obes. (1986)
- ^ Haller CA, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL. Enhanced stimulant and metabolic effects of combined ephedrine and caffeine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (2004)
- ^ Kulsudjarit K. Drug problem in southeast and southwest Asia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2004)
- ^ a b c d e Sinchai T, et al. Caffeine potentiates methamphetamine-induced toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. Neurosci Lett. (2011)
- ^ Kuribara H. Caffeine enhances the stimulant effect of methamphetamine, but may not affect induction of methamphetamine sensitization of ambulation in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (1994)
- ^ Delle Donne KT, Sonsalla PK. Protection against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity to neostriatal dopaminergic neurons by adenosine receptor activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (1994)
- ^ a b Ikeda R, et al. Pharmacodynamic interactions between MDMA and concomitants in MDMA tablets on extracellular dopamine and serotonin in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. (2011)
- ^ McNamara R, et al. Caffeine promotes hyperthermia and serotonergic loss following co-administration of the substituted amphetamines, MDMA (“Ecstasy”) and MDA (“Love”). Neuropharmacology. (2006)
- ^ Camarasa J, Pubill D, Escubedo E. Association of caffeine to MDMA does not increase antinociception but potentiates adverse effects of this recreational drug. Brain Res. (2006)
- ^ a b Weldy DL. Risks of alcoholic energy drinks for youth. J Am Board Fam Med. (2010)
- ^ Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Clubgoers and their trendy cocktails: implications of mixing caffeine into alcohol on information processing and subjective reports of intoxication. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. (2006)
- ^ Ferreira SE, et al. Effects of energy drink ingestion on alcohol intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. (2006)
- ^ O’Brien MC, et al. Caffeinated cocktails: energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students. Acad Emerg Med. (2008)
- ^ Oteri A, et al. Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. (2007)
- ^ Liguori A, Robinson JH. Caffeine antagonism of alcohol-induced driving impairment. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2001)
- ^ Roberts C, Robinson SP. Alcohol concentration and carbonation of drinks: the effect on blood alcohol levels. J Forensic Leg Med. (2007)
- ^ Jones HA, Lejuez CW. Personality correlates of caffeine dependence: the role of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and risk taking. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. (2005)
- ^ Miller KE. Wired: energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms, and risk taking. J Am Coll Health. (2008)
- ^ Miller KE. Energy drinks, race, and problem behaviors among college students. J Adolesc Health. (2008)
- ^ Hughes RN. Adult anxiety-related behavior of rats following consumption during late adolescence of alcohol alone and in combination with caffeine. Alcohol. (2011)
- ^ a b c d Han JY, et al. Increases in blood pressure and heart rate induced by caffeine are inhibited by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate: involvement of catecholamines. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. (2011)
- ^ Park KS, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) reverses caffeine-induced anxiogenic-like effects. Neurosci Lett. (2010)
- ^ Park KS, et al. (-)-Epigallocatethin-3-O-gallate counteracts caffeine-induced hyperactivity: evidence of dopaminergic blockade. Behav Pharmacol. (2010)
- ^ Zhu BT, et al. Molecular modelling study of the mechanism of high-potency inhibition of human catechol-O-methyltransferase by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate. Xenobiotica. (2008)
- ^ Lim DY, et al. Comparison of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate on blood pressure and contractile responses of vascular smooth muscle of rats. Arch Pharm Res. (2003)
- ^ Lim DY. Comparison of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate on secretion of catecholamines from the rabbit adrenal medulla. Arch Pharm Res. (2005)
- ^ Hong CY, Chaput de Saintonge DM, Turner P. The inhibitory action of procaine, (+)-propranolol and (+/-)-propranolol on human sperm motility: antagonism by caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. (1981)
- ^ Rogberg L, Fredricsson B, Pousette A. Effects of propranolol and caffeine on movement characteristics of human sperm. Int J Androl. (1990)
- ^ Belza A, et al. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol partly abolishes thermogenic response to bioactive food ingredients. Metabolism. (2009)
- ^ Wang X, et al. Effects of major tanshinones isolated from Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on rat CYP1A2 expression and metabolism of model CYP1A2 probe substrates. Phytomedicine. (2009)
- ^ a b Wang X, Yeung JH. Effects of the aqueous extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge on caffeine pharmacokinetics and liver microsomal CYP1A2 activity in humans and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. (2010)
- ^ Fredholm BB. On the mechanism of action of theophylline and caffeine. Acta Med Scand. (1985)
- ^ Ikeda GJ, et al. Blood levels of caffeine and results of fetal examination after oral administration of caffeine to pregnant rats. J Appl Toxicol. (1982)
- ^ Tanaka H, et al. Caffeine and its dimethylxanthines and fetal cerebral development in rat. Brain Dev. (1984)
- ^ Parsons WD, Neims AH. Prolonged half-life of caffeine in healthy tem newborn infants. J Pediatr. (1981)
- ^ Aranda JV, et al. Efficacy of caffeine in treatment of apnea in the low-birth-weight infant. J Pediatr. (1977)
- ^ Adén U. Methylxanthines during pregnancy and early postnatal life. Handb Exp Pharmacol. (2011)
- ^ Kuczkowski KM. Caffeine in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. (2009)
- ^ Robertson D, et al. Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure. N Engl J Med. (1978)
- ^ a b Nurminen ML, et al. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. Eur J Clin Nutr. (1999)
- ^ Sung BH, et al. Prolonged increase in blood pressure by a single oral dose of caffeine in mildly hypertensive men. Am J Hypertens. (1994)
- ^ Rosmarin PC, Applegate WB, Somes GW. Coffee consumption and blood pressure: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med. (1990)
- ^ Izzo JL Jr, et al. Age and prior caffeine use alter the cardiovascular and adrenomedullary responses to oral caffeine. Am J Cardiol. (1983)
- ^ Noordzij M, et al. Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. (2005)
- ^ Martin JB, et al. Mortality patterns among hypertensives by reported level of caffeine consumption. Prev Med. (1988)
- ^ Greenberg JA, Chow G, Ziegelstein RC. Caffeinated coffee consumption, cardiovascular disease, and heart valve disease in the elderly (from the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol. (2008)
- ^ Lemery R, et al. A prospective placebo controlled randomized study of caffeine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia undergoing electrophysiologic testing. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. (2015)
- ^ Chandrasekaran S, Rochtchina E, Mitchell P. Effects of caffeine on intraocular pressure: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. J Glaucoma. (2005)
- ^ Li M, et al. The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. (2011)
- ^ Lohsiriwat S, Puengna N, Leelakusolvong S. Effect of caffeine on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in Thai healthy volunteers. Dis Esophagus. (2006)
- ^ World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. (1992)
- ^ Juliano LM, et al. Characterization of individuals seeking treatment for caffeine dependence. Psychol Addict Behav. (2012)
- Wedick NM, et al. Effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on biological risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. (2011)
- Anderson DE, Hickey MS. Effects of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to exercise in 5 and 28 degrees C. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1994)
- Karapetian GK, et al. Effect of Caffeine on LT, VT and HRVT. Int J Sports Med. (2012)
- Kim TW, et al. Caffeine increases sweating sensitivity via changes in sudomotor activity during physical loading. J Med Food. (2011)
- Del Coso J, et al. Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance: a repeated measures design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2012)
- Bloomer RJ, et al. Effects of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine alone or in combination on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy men and women. Phys Sportsmed. (2011)
- Astorino TA, et al. Effect of two doses of caffeine on muscular function during isokinetic exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2010)
- Astorino TA, et al. Effect of caffeine intake on pain perception during high-intensity exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2011)
- Duvnjak-Zaknich DM, et al. Effect of caffeine on reactive agility time when fresh and fatigued. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2011)
- Glaister M, et al. Caffeine and sprinting performance: dose responses and efficacy. J Strength Cond Res. (2012)
- Mednick SC, et al. Comparing the benefits of caffeine, naps and placebo on verbal, motor and perceptual memory. Behav Brain Res. (2008)
- Carr AJ, Gore CJ, Dawson B. Induced alkalosis and caffeine supplementation: effects on 2,000-m rowing performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2011)
- Adan A, Serra-Grabulosa JM. Effects of caffeine and glucose, alone and combined, on cognitive performance. Hum Psychopharmacol. (2010)
- Ganio MS, et al. Effect of ambient temperature on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2011)
- Pontifex KJ, et al. Effects of caffeine on repeated sprint ability, reactive agility time, sleep and next day performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (2010)
- Shechter M, et al. Impact of acute caffeine ingestion on endothelial function in subjects with and without coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. (2011)
- Astrup A, et al. Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. (1990)
- Lamina S, Musa DI. Ergogenic effect of varied doses of coffee-caffeine on maximal aerobic power of young African subjects. Afr Health Sci. (2009)
- Hunt MG, Momjian AJ, Wong KK. Effects of diurnal variation and caffeine consumption on Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) performance in healthy young adults. Psychol Assess. (2011)
- Hameleers PA, et al. Habitual caffeine consumption and its relation to memory, attention, planning capacity and psychomotor performance across multiple age groups. Hum Psychopharmacol. (2000)
- Hendrix CR, et al. Acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on bench press and leg extension strength and time to exhaustion during cycle ergometry. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
- Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ. Caffeine and opening the eyes have additive effects on resting arousal measures. Clin Neurophysiol. (2011)
- McCusker RR, Goldberger BA, Cone EJ. Caffeine content of energy drinks, carbonated sodas, and other beverages. J Anal Toxicol. (2006)
- Desbrow B, Hall S, Irwin C. Caffeine content of Nespresso® pod coffee. Nutr Health. (2019)
- Ludwig IA, et al. Variations in caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents of coffees: what are we drinking?. Food Funct. (2014)
- Fox GP, et al. Variation in caffeine concentration in single coffee beans. J Agric Food Chem. (2013)
- McCusker RR, Goldberger BA, Cone EJ. Caffeine content of specialty coffees. J Anal Toxicol. (2003)
- Angeloni G, et al. What kind of coffee do you drink? An investigation on effects of eight different extraction methods. Food Res Int. (2019)
- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal. (2015)
- Food and Nutrition Board. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary.. The National Academies Press. (2014)
- Nawrot P, et al. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. (2003)
- Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations.
- Wikoff D, et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol. (2017)
- Giannelli M, et al. The effect of caffeine consumption and nausea on the risk of miscarriage. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. (2003)
- Morgan S, Koren G, Bozzo P. Is caffeine consumption safe during pregnancy?. Can Fam Physician. (2013)
- Knutti R, Rothweiler H, Schlatter C. The effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Arch Toxicol Suppl. (1982)
- Ruxton CH. The suitability of caffeinated drinks for children: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials, observational studies and expert panel guidelines. J Hum Nutr Diet. (2014)
- Committee on Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. The National Academies Press. (2007)
- Arria MA, et al. Letter to Commissioner Hamburg Re: The Use of Caffeine in Energy Drinks.
- Mort JR, Kruse HR. Timing of blood pressure measurement related to caffeine consumption. Ann Pharmacother. (2008)
- Poole R, et al. Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ. (2017)
- Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM. Caffeine and Arrhythmias: Time to Grind the Data. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. (2018)
- Temple JL, et al. The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front Psychiatry. (2017)
- Yen M, Ewald MB. Toxicity of weight loss agents. J Med Toxicol. (2012)
- Willson C. The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study. Toxicol Rep. (2018)
- Beauchamp GA, et al. A Retrospective Study of Clinical Effects of Powdered Caffeine Exposures Reported to Three US Poison Control Centers. J Med Toxicol. (2016)
- Jabbar SB, Hanly MG. Fatal caffeine overdose: a case report and review of literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. (2013)
- Jones AW. Review of Caffeine-Related Fatalities along with Postmortem Blood Concentrations in 51 Poisoning Deaths. J Anal Toxicol. (2017)
- Cappelletti S, et al. Caffeine-Related Deaths: Manner of Deaths and Categories at Risk. Nutrients. (2018)
- Haskell CF, et al. Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2005)
- Rogers PJ, et al. Absence of reinforcing, mood and psychomotor performance effects of caffeine in habitual non-consumers of caffeine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2003)
- Acheson KJ, et al. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: lipid oxidation or futile cycling?. Am J Clin Nutr. (2004)
- Agonist-Directed Desensitization of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor.
- Kenakin TP. Cellular assays as portals to seven-transmembrane receptor-based drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. (2009)
- Fang Y. Label-Free Receptor Assays. Drug Discov Today Technol. (2011)
- Fang Y, Ferrie AM. Label-free optical biosensor for ligand-directed functional selectivity acting on beta(2) adrenoceptor in living cells. FEBS Lett. (2008)
- Receptor internalization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation are dependent on the agonist exposure time.
- The desensitization and resensitization patterns of quiescent A431 cells induced by epinephrine is sensitive to stimulation duration and several inhibitors.
- January B, et al. beta2-adrenergic receptor desensitization, internalization, and phosphorylation in response to full and partial agonists. J Biol Chem. (1997)
- Characterization of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Dephosphorylation: Comparison with the Rate of Resensitization.
- Sears MR. Adverse effects of beta-agonists. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2002)
- Nelson HS. Is there a problem with inhaled long-acting beta-adrenergic agonists. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2006)
- Astrup A, et al. Enhanced thermogenic responsiveness during chronic ephedrine treatment in man. Am J Clin Nutr. (1985)
- Gonçalves LS, et al. Dispelling the myth that habitual caffeine consumption influences the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation. J Appl Physiol (1985). (2017)
- Vandenberghe K, et al. Caffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loading. J Appl Physiol. (1996)
- Doherty M, et al. Caffeine is ergogenic after supplementation of oral creatine monohydrate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2002)
- Lee CL, Lin JC, Cheng CF. Effect of caffeine ingestion after creatine supplementation on intermittent high-intensity sprint performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2011)
- Fukuda DH, et al. The possible combinatory effects of acute consumption of caffeine, creatine, and amino acids on the improvement of anaerobic running performance in humans. Nutr Res. (2010)
- Smith AE, et al. The effects of a pre-workout supplement containing caffeine, creatine, and amino acids during three weeks of high-intensity exercise on aerobic and anaerobic performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2010)
- Spradley BD, et al. Ingesting a pre-workout supplement containing caffeine, B-vitamins, amino acids, creatine, and beta-alanine before exercise delays fatigue while improving reaction time and muscular endurance. Nutr Metab (Lond). (2012)
- Vanakoski J, et al. Creatine and caffeine in anaerobic and aerobic exercise: effects on physical performance and pharmacokinetic considerations. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1998)
- Verster JC, Koenig J. Caffeine intake and its sources: A review of national representative studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2018)
- Guessous I, Eap CB, Bochud M. Blood pressure in relation to coffee and caffeine consumption. Curr Hypertens Rep. (2014)
- Xie L, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. (2013)
- Rasch B, Born J. About sleep’s role in memory. Physiol Rev. (2013)
- Born J, Rasch B, Gais S. Sleep to remember. Neuroscientist. (2006)
- Haack M, Sanchez E, Mullington JM. Elevated inflammatory markers in response to prolonged sleep restriction are associated with increased pain experience in healthy volunteers. Sleep. (2007)
- Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P. Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. (2007)
- Nedeltcheva AV, et al. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Ann Intern Med. (2010)
- Bosy-Westphal A, et al. Influence of partial sleep deprivation on energy balance and insulin sensitivity in healthy women. Obes Facts. (2008)
- Broussard JL, et al. Impaired insulin signaling in human adipocytes after experimental sleep restriction: a randomized, crossover study. Ann Intern Med. (2012)
- Buxton OM, et al. Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes. (2010)
- Donga E, et al. A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2010)
- Cote KA, et al. Sleep deprivation lowers reactive aggression and testosterone in men. Biol Psychol. (2013)
- Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. (2011)
- Penev PD. Association between sleep and morning testosterone levels in older men. Sleep. (2007)
- González-Santos MR, et al. Sleep deprivation and adaptive hormonal responses of healthy men. Arch Androl. (1989)
- Cortés-Gallegos V, et al. Sleep deprivation reduces circulating androgens in healthy men. Arch Androl. (1983)
- Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. Sleep duration as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease- a review of the recent literature. Curr Cardiol Rev. (2010)
- Rosinger AY, et al. Short sleep duration is associated with inadequate hydration: Cross-cultural evidence from US and Chinese adults. Sleep. (2018)
- Andrade A, et al. Sleep Quality, Mood and Performance: A Study of Elite Brazilian Volleyball Athletes. J Sports Sci Med. (2016)
- Mah CD, et al. The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep. (2011)
- Andersen ML, et al. The association of testosterone, sleep, and sexual function in men and women. Brain Res. (2011)
- Lo JC, et al. Cognitive Performance, Sleepiness, and Mood in Partially Sleep Deprived Adolescents: The Need for Sleep Study. Sleep. (2016)
- Lastella M, Lovell GP, Sargent C. Athletes’ precompetitive sleep behaviour and its relationship with subsequent precompetitive mood and performance. Eur J Sport Sci. (2014)
- McClung CA. How might circadian rhythms control mood? Let me count the ways. Biol Psychiatry. (2013)
- Zohar D, et al. The effects of sleep loss on medical residents’ emotional reactions to work events: a cognitive-energy model. Sleep. (2005)
- Tosini G, Ferguson I, Tsubota K. Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology. Mol Vis. (2016)
- Bedrosian TA, Nelson RJ. Timing of light exposure affects mood and brain circuits. Transl Psychiatry. (2017)
- Heo JY, et al. Effects of smartphone use with and without blue light at night in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled comparison. J Psychiatr Res. (2017)
- Esaki Y, et al. Wearing blue light-blocking glasses in the evening advances circadian rhythms in the patients with delayed sleep phase disorder: An open-label trial. Chronobiol Int. (2016)
- Skeldon AC, Phillips AJ, Dijk DJ. The effects of self-selected light-dark cycles and social constraints on human sleep and circadian timing: a modeling approach. Sci Rep. (2017)
- Basner M, et al. ICBEN review of research on the biological effects of noise 2011-2014. Noise Health. (2015)
- Halperin D. Environmental noise and sleep disturbances: A threat to health?. Sleep Sci. (2014)
- Hume KI, Brink M, Basner M. Effects of environmental noise on sleep. Noise Health. (2012)
- Portas CM, et al. Auditory processing across the sleep-wake cycle: simultaneous EEG and fMRI monitoring in humans. Neuron. (2000)
- Neitzel R, Somers S, Seixas N. Variability of real-world hearing protector attenuation measurements. Ann Occup Hyg. (2006)
- Huang CY, Chang ET, Lai HL. Comparing the effects of music and exercise with music for older adults with insomnia. Appl Nurs Res. (2016)
- Lack LC, et al. The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures. Sleep Med Rev. (2008)
- Okamoto-Mizuno K, Mizuno K. Effects of thermal environment on sleep and circadian rhythm. J Physiol Anthropol. (2012)
- Okamoto-Mizuno K, et al. Effects of humid heat exposure on human sleep stages and body temperature. Sleep. (1999)
- Murphy PJ, Campbell SS. Nighttime drop in body temperature: a physiological trigger for sleep onset?. Sleep. (1997)
- Libert JP, et al. Relative and combined effects of heat and noise exposure on sleep in humans. Sleep. (1991)
- Stein MD, Friedmann PD. Disturbed sleep and its relationship to alcohol use. Subst Abus. (2005)
- Park SY, et al. The Effects of Alcohol on Quality of Sleep. Korean J Fam Med. (2015)
- Stone BM. Sleep and low doses of alcohol. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. (1980)
- Drake C, et al. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. J Clin Sleep Med. (2013)
- Baron KG, Reid KJ, Zee PC. Exercise to improve sleep in insomnia: exploration of the bidirectional effects. J Clin Sleep Med. (2013)
- Kline CE. The bidirectional relationship between exercise and sleep: Implications for exercise adherence and sleep improvement. Am J Lifestyle Med. (2014)
- VanHelder T, Radomski MW. Sleep deprivation and the effect on exercise performance. Sports Med. (1989)
- Tang NK, Sanborn AN. Better quality sleep promotes daytime physical activity in patients with chronic pain? A multilevel analysis of the within-person relationship. PLoS One. (2014)
- Souissi N, et al. Effect of time of day and partial sleep deprivation on short-term, high-power output. Chronobiol Int. (2008)
- Loprinzi PD, Cardinal BJ. Association between objectively-measured physical activity and sleep, NHANES 2005–2006. Mental Health and Physical Activity. Ment Health Phys Act. (2011)
- Wunsch K, Kasten N, Fuchs R. The effect of physical activity on sleep quality, well-being, and affect in academic stress periods. Nat Sci Sleep. (2017)
- Wang F, et al. The effect of meditative movement on sleep quality: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. (2016)
- Reid KJ, et al. Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia. Sleep Med. (2010)
- Kovacevic A, et al. The effect of resistance exercise on sleep: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. (2018)
- Hartescu I, Morgan K, Stevinson CD. Increased physical activity improves sleep and mood outcomes in inactive people with insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. J Sleep Res. (2015)
- Murray K, et al. The relations between sleep, time of physical activity, and time outdoors among adult women. PLoS One. (2017)
- Tahara Y, Aoyama S, Shibata S. The mammalian circadian clock and its entrainment by stress and exercise. J Physiol Sci. (2017)
- 2013 Sleep in America® Poll: Exercise and Sleep (summary of findings), “Exercise is good, regardless of time of day” (pages 46–49).
- Swaminathan K, Klerman EB, Phillips AJK. Are Individual Differences in Sleep and Circadian Timing Amplified by Use of Artificial Light Sources?. J Biol Rhythms. (2017)
- Phillips AJK, et al. Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing. Sci Rep. (2017)
- Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders. PLoS One. (2013)
- van Geijlswijk IM, et al. Evaluation of sleep, puberty and mental health in children with long-term melatonin treatment for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2011)
- Luthringer R, et al. The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. (2009)
- Lemoine P, et al. Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects. J Sleep Res. (2007)
- Noyek S, Yaremchuk K, Rotenberg B. Does melatonin have a meaningful role as a sleep aid for jet lag recovery?. Laryngoscope. (2016)
- Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2002)
- Hätönen T, Alila A, Laakso ML. Exogenous melatonin fails to counteract the light-induced phase delay of human melatonin rhythm. Brain Res. (1996)
- Matsumoto M, et al. The amplitude of endogenous melatonin production is not affected by melatonin treatment in humans. J Pineal Res. (1997)
- Wright J, et al. The effects of exogenous melatonin on endocrine function in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). (1986)
- Arendt J, et al. Some effects of melatonin and the control of its secretion in humans. Ciba Found Symp. (1985)
- Naylor S, Gleich GJ. Over-the-counter melatonin products and contamination. Am Fam Physician. (1999)
- Williamson BL, et al. Structural characterization of contaminants found in commercial preparations of melatonin: similarities to case-related compounds from L-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Chem Res Toxicol. (1998)
- Erland LA, Saxena PK. Melatonin Natural Health Products and Supplements: Presence of Serotonin and Significant Variability of Melatonin Content. J Clin Sleep Med. (2017)
- Nielsen FH, Johnson LK, Zeng H. Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep. Magnes Res. (2010)
- Held K, et al. Oral Mg(2+) supplementation reverses age-related neuroendocrine and sleep EEG changes in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry. (2002)
- Costello RB, Moser-Veillon PB. A review of magnesium intake in the elderly. A cause for concern?. Magnes Res. (1992)
- Nielsen FH, Lukaski HC. Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnes Res. (2006)
- Tang YM, et al. Relationships between micronutrient losses in sweat and blood pressure among heat-exposed steelworkers. Ind Health. (2016)
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research; Marriott BM, editor. Washington (DC). Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments, “Influence of Exercise and Heat on Magnesium Metabolism”. National Academies Press (US). (1993)
- Consolazio CF, et al. Excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium and iron in human sweat and the relation of each to balance and requirements. J Nutr. (1963)
- Yoshimura Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic Studies of Orally Administered Magnesium Oxide in Rats. Yakugaku Zasshi. (2017)
- Firoz M, Graber M. Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations. Magnes Res. (2001)
- Sayorwan W, et al. The effects of lavender oil inhalation on emotional states, autonomic nervous system, and brain electrical activity. J Med Assoc Thai. (2012)
- Field T, et al. Lavender bath oil reduces stress and crying and enhances sleep in very young infants. Early Hum Dev. (2008)
- Lehrner J, et al. Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiol Behav. (2005)
- Lee IS, Lee GJ. Effects of lavender aromatherapy on insomnia and depression in women college students. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. (2006)
- Lewith GT, Godfrey AD, Prescott P. A single-blinded, randomized pilot study evaluating the aroma of Lavandula augustifolia as a treatment for mild insomnia. J Altern Complement Med. (2005)
- Chien LW, Cheng SL, Liu CF. The effect of lavender aromatherapy on autonomic nervous system in midlife women with insomnia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2012)
- Goel N, Kim H, Lao RP. An olfactory stimulus modifies nighttime sleep in young men and women. Chronobiol Int. (2005)
- Kasper S, et al. Silexan in anxiety disorders: Clinical data and pharmacological background. World J Biol Psychiatry. (2018)
- Kasper S, Anghelescu I, Dienel A. Efficacy of orally administered Silexan in patients with anxiety-related restlessness and disturbed sleep–A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. (2015)
- Kasper S, et al. Lavender oil preparation Silexan is effective in generalized anxiety disorder–a randomized, double-blind comparison to placebo and paroxetine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. (2014)
- Kasper S, et al. Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of ‘subsyndromal’ anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. (2010)
- Wiggers D, et al. Use and Perceptions of Caffeinated Energy Drinks and Energy Shots in Canada. Am J Prev Med. (2017)
- Stephens MB, et al. Energy drink and energy shot use in the military. Nutr Rev. (2014)
- Malinauskas BM, et al. A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutr J. (2007)
- Utter J, et al. Energy drink consumption among New Zealand adolescents: Associations with mental health, health risk behaviours and body size. J Paediatr Child Health. (2017)
- Hammond D, Reid JL. Exposure and perceptions of marketing for caffeinated energy drinks among young Canadians. Public Health Nutr. (2018)
- Emond JA, Sargent JD, Gilbert-Diamond D. Patterns of energy drink advertising over US television networks. J Nutr Educ Behav. (2015)
- Francis J, et al. Informing Intervention Strategies to Reduce Energy Drink Consumption in Young People: Findings From Qualitative Research. J Nutr Educ Behav. (2017)
- Hammond D, Reid JL, Zukowski S. Adverse effects of caffeinated energy drinks among youth and young adults in Canada: a Web-based survey. CMAJ Open. (2018)
- Scholey AB, Kennedy DO. Cognitive and physiological effects of an “energy drink”: an evaluation of the whole drink and of glucose, caffeine and herbal flavouring fractions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2004)
- Faber MS, Jetter A, Fuhr U. Assessment of CYP1A2 activity in clinical practice: why, how, and when?. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. (2005)
- Rétey JV, et al. A genetic variation in the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) contributes to individual sensitivity to caffeine effects on sleep. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (2007)
- Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. (2006)
- Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: health be damned! Pour on the sugar. Diabetes Care. (2014)
- Seifert SM, et al. An analysis of energy-drink toxicity in the National Poison Data System. Clin Toxicol (Phila). (2013)
- Miles-Chan JL, et al. The blood pressure-elevating effect of Red Bull energy drink is mimicked by caffeine but through different hemodynamic pathways. Physiol Rep. (2015)
- Grasser EK, et al. Energy Drinks and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System: Potential Mechanisms. Adv Nutr. (2016)
- Di Rocco JR, et al. Atrial fibrillation in healthy adolescents after highly caffeinated beverage consumption: two case reports. J Med Case Rep. (2011)
- Shen J, et al. Dietary factors and incident atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. (2011)
- Hanan Israelit S, Strizevsky A, Raviv B. ST elevation myocardial infarction in a young patientafter ingestion of caffeinated energy drink and ecstasy. World J Emerg Med. (2012)
- Kaoukis A, et al. Reverse Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with the consumption of an energy drink. Circulation. (2012)
- Rottlaender D, et al. Cardiac arrest due to long QT syndrome associated with excessive consumption of energy drinks. Int J Cardiol. (2012)
- Berger AJ, Alford K. Cardiac arrest in a young man following excess consumption of caffeinated “energy drinks”. Med J Aust. (2009)
- Benjo AM, et al. Left main coronary artery acute thrombosis related to energy drink intake. Circulation. (2012)
- Jonjev ZS, Bala G. High-energy drinks may provoke aortic dissection. Coll Antropol. (2013)
- Gaskins AJ, et al. Pre-pregnancy caffeine and caffeinated beverage intake and risk of spontaneous abortion. Eur J Nutr. (2016)
- Silva CG, et al. Adenosine receptor antagonists including caffeine alter fetal brain development in mice. Sci Transl Med. (2013)
- Alford C, Cox H, Wescott R. The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood. Amino Acids. (2001)
- Howard MA, Marczinski CA. Acute effects of a glucose energy drink on behavioral control. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. (2010)
- van den Eynde F, et al. The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance. Tijdschr Psychiatr. (2008)
- Roehrs T, Roth T. Caffeine: sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med Rev. (2008)
- Souza DB, et al. Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. (2017)