Myoinositol, Inositol
Inositol is a molecule that is structurally like the glucose molecule, both are involved in cellular signalling. Inositol seems to be an effective anxiolytic at higher doses, and also very effective in treating insulin resistance and PCOS.
- Origin: Plant Based, Animal Product
- Source: Whole Grains, Citrus Fruits
- Type: Carbohydrates
- Age Range: Adults, Seniors
- Toxicity: There is no evidence of toxicity until now
- Outcomes: Energy and Mood, Specific Conditions, Anxiety, Depression, Blood Sugar Control
What are Inositol benefits?
Inositol is a small molecule structurally similar to glucose that is involved in cell signaling. Although the term ‘inositol’ is commonly used with dietary supplements, it usually refers to a specific stereoisomer called myo-inositol. Inositols are pseudo-vitamin compounds that are falsely said to belong to the B-complex family and are found in most foods, but at higher levels in whole grains (beans and nuts for example), fruits, and vegetables. According to studies, myo-inositol has shown promise as a dietary supplement for promoting female fertility, restoring insulin sensitivity in cases of resistance (type II diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome – PCOS), as well as for reducing anxiety. In addition, myo-inositol has also shown other benefits, as a promising antidepressant (although not as significant as its anxiolytic and anti-panic effects) and against some conditions associated with anxiety, such as panic disorder and binge eating.
Table of relations
Inositol and Energy and Mood
-
Anxiety
Anxiety is the body's natural response to stress. It's a feeling of fear or apprehension about what's to come. It can be triggered by a specific situation and not last long - which is very common and ok - or it can be a generalized disorder (which is considered a illness) that can bring harm to everyday life and also cause other conditions like depression.
-
Depression
Depression is a chronic and recurrent psychiatric condition that produces mood changes characterized by deep sadness, mood swings, loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.
Inositol and Specific Conditions
-
Blood Sugar Control
The body's cells use glucose to produce energy. Glucose comes from food and is stored in the body in the form of glycogen (in the muscles and liver) or circulating glucose (in the blood). Cells need the hormone Insulin to capture glucose molecules. The glucose / insulin balance in the blood is essential for the proper functioning of the body's whole metabolism. A change in this metabolism can lead to serious physiological dysfunctions, leading to the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. There are several classes of compounds that influence this metabolism, these can increase insulin synthesis and secretion, decrease blood glucose levels, reduce the immediate absorption of carbohydrates, regulate the sensitivity of cells to insulin, among others.
Related videos about Inositol
References
- ^ a b Seedat S, Stein DJ. Inositol augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. (1999)
- ^ a b c d Colazingari S, et al. The combined therapy myo-inositol plus D-chiro-inositol, rather than D-chiro-inositol, is able to improve IVF outcomes: results from a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. (2013)
- ^ a b c d Minozzi M, Nordio M, Pajalich R. The Combined therapy myo-inositol plus D-Chiro-inositol, in a physiological ratio, reduces the cardiovascular risk by improving the lipid profile in PCOS patients. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2013)
- ^ a b Agostini R, Rossi F, Pajalich R. Myoinositol/folic acid combination for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2006)
- ^ Michell RH. The multiplying roles of inositol lipids and phosphates in cell control processes. Essays Biochem. (1997)
- ^ a b Parthasarathy R, Eisenberg F Jr. The inositol phospholipids: a stereochemical view of biological activity. Biochem J. (1986)
- ^ a b c d e Kaiser LG, et al. Scyllo-inositol in normal aging human brain: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 4 Tesla. NMR Biomed. (2005)
- ^ a b Salloway S, et al. A phase 2 randomized trial of ELND005, scyllo-inositol, in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology. (2011)
- ^ Holub BJ. The nutritional significance, metabolism, and function of myo-inositol and phosphatidylinositol in health and disease. Adv Nutr Res. (1982)
- ^ Clements RS Jr, Reynertson R. Myoinositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Effect of insulin treatment. Diabetes. (1977)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Clements RS Jr, Darnell B. Myo-inositol content of common foods: development of a high-myo-inositol diet. Am J Clin Nutr. (1980)
- ^ a b c Dang NT, et al. D-pinitol and myo-inositol stimulate translocation of glucose transporter 4 in skeletal muscle of C57BL/6 mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2010)
- ^ Balla T. Phosphoinositide-derived messengers in endocrine signaling. J Endocrinol. (2006)
- ^ a b c Agranoff BW. Turtles All the Way: Reflections on myo-Inositol. J Biol Chem. (2009)
- ^ Draskovic P, et al. Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase products contain diphosphate and triphosphate groups. Chem Biol. (2008)
- ^ Mulugu S, et al. A conserved family of enzymes that phosphorylate inositol hexakisphosphate. Science. (2007)
- ^ Shears SB. Assessing the omnipotence of inositol hexakisphosphate. Cell Signal. (2001)
- ^ Irvine RF. Inositide evolution – towards turtle domination. J Physiol. (2005)
- ^ Irvine RF, Schell MJ. Back in the water: the return of the inositol phosphates. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2001)
- ^ a b Croze ML, Soulage CO. Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo-inositol in metabolic diseases. Biochimie. (2013)
- ^ a b Shaldubina A, et al. Inositol deficiency diet and lithium effects. Bipolar Disord. (2006)
- ^ Eisenberg F Jr, Parthasarathy R. Measurement of biosynthesis of myo-inositol from glucose 6-phosphate. Methods Enzymol. (1987)
- ^ Deranieh RM, et al. Probing myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase with multisubstrate adducts. Org Biomol Chem. (2012)
- ^ a b c Asplin I, Galasko G, Larner J. chiro-inositol deficiency and insulin resistance: a comparison of the chiro-inositol- and the myo-inositol-containing insulin mediators isolated from urine, hemodialysate, and muscle of control and type II diabetic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1993)
- ^ Kennington AS, et al. Low urinary chiro-inositol excretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. (1990)
- ^ a b Scioscia M, et al. Urinary excretion of inositol phosphoglycan P-type in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. (2007)
- ^ a b Baillargeon JP, et al. Altered D-chiro-inositol urinary clearance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care. (2006)
- ^ Baillargeon JP, et al. Greek hyperinsulinemic women, with or without polycystic ovary syndrome, display altered inositols metabolism. Hum Reprod. (2008)
- ^ Stull AJ, et al. Relationships between urinary inositol excretions and whole-body glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle insulin receptor phosphorylation. Metabolism. (2008)
- ^ Larner J, Craig JW. Urinary myo-inositol-to-chiro-inositol ratios and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. (1996)
- ^ Coady MJ, et al. Identification of a novel Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter. J Biol Chem. (2002)
- ^ Ostlund RE Jr, et al. A stereospecific myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol transporter in HepG2 liver cells. Identification with D-chiro-{3-3H}inositol. J Biol Chem. (1996)
- ^ Gullapalli RP. Soft gelatin capsules (softgels). J Pharm Sci. (2010)
- ^ a b Carlomagno G, et al. Myo-inositol in a new pharmaceutical form: a step forward to a broader clinical use. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. (2012)
- ^ a b c Gianfranco C, et al. Myo-inositol in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. (2011)
- ^ Larner J. D-chiro-inositol–its functional role in insulin action and its deficit in insulin resistance. Int J Exp Diabetes Res. (2002)
- ^ Sun TH, et al. Both myo-inositol to chiro-inositol epimerase activities and chiro-inositol to myo-inositol ratios are decreased in tissues of GK type 2 diabetic rats compared to Wistar controls. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2002)
- ^ a b c Yamashita Y, et al. Detection of orally administered inositol stereoisomers in mouse blood plasma and their effects on translocation of glucose transporter 4 in skeletal muscle cells. J Agric Food Chem. (2013)
- ^ a b c Kofman O, et al. Chronic dietary inositol enhances locomotor activity and brain inositol levels in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (1998)
- ^ Agam G, et al. High-dose peripheral inositol raises brain inositol levels and reverses behavioral effects of inositol depletion by lithium. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (1994)
- ^ Patishi Y, et al. Differential uptake of myo-inositol in vivo into rat brain areas. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. (1996)
- ^ Spector R. Myo-inositol transport through the blood-brain barrier. Neurochem Res. (1988)
- ^ Kofman O, et al. Restoration of brain myo-inositol levels in rats increases latency to lithium-pilocarpine seizures. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (1993)
- ^ Levine J, et al. Inositol treatment raises CSF inositol levels. Brain Res. (1993)
- ^ Shimon H, et al. Reduced frontal cortex inositol levels in postmortem brain of suicide victims and patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. (1997)
- ^ Manji HK, et al. Modulation of protein kinase C isozymes and substrates by lithium: the role of myo-inositol. Neuropsychopharmacology. (1996)
- ^ a b Levine J, et al. Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. (1995)
- ^ Levine J, et al. Follow-up and relapse analysis of an inositol study of depression. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. (1995)
- ^ a b Gelber D, Levine J, Belmaker RH. Effect of inositol on bulimia nervosa and binge eating. Int J Eat Disord. (2001)
- ^ Nemets B, et al. Inositol addition does not improve depression in SSRI treatment failures. J Neural Transm. (1999)
- ^ Levine J, et al. Combination of inositol and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry. (1999)
- ^ a b c Inositol 6 g daily may be effective in depression but not in schizophrenia.
- ^ Zukov I, et al. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder–review of actual findings about mental disorders related to menstrual cycle and possibilities of their therapy. Prague Med Rep. (2010)
- ^ a b Nemets B, et al. Myo-inositol has no beneficial effect on premenstrual dysphoric disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. (2002)
- ^ Chengappa KN, et al. Inositol as an add-on treatment for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord. (2000)
- ^ Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Byrne G. Adjuvant use of nutritional and herbal medicines with antidepressants, mood stabilizers and benzodiazepines. J Psychiatr Res. (2010)
- ^ Qureshi NA, Al-Bedah AM. Mood disorders and complementary and alternative medicine: a literature review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. (2013)
- ^ Nierenberg AA, et al. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. Am J Psychiatry. (2006)
- ^ Cohen H, et al. Inositol has behavioral effects with adaptation after chronic administration. J Neural Transm. (1997)
- ^ Einat H, et al. Chronic epi-inositol has an anxiolytic-like effect in the plus-maze model in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. (1998)
- ^ Kofman O, et al. The anxiolytic effect of chronic inositol depends on the baseline level of anxiety. J Neural Transm. (2000)
- ^ a b Palatnik A, et al. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. (2001)
- ^ Benjamin J, et al. Acute inositol does not attenuate m-CPP-induced anxiety, mydriasis and endocrine effects in panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. (1997)
- ^ Benjamin J, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. (1995)
- ^ Kaplan Z, et al. Inositol treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Anxiety. (1996)
- ^ a b Levine J, et al. CSF inositol in schizophrenia and high-dose inositol treatment of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. (1994)
- ^ Levine J, et al. Lack of effect of inositol treatment in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. (1993)
- ^ Fux M, et al. Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. (1996)
- ^ Biochemical, behavioral, and clinical studies of the role of inositol in lithium treatment and depression.
- ^ Kofman O, et al. The effect of peripheral inositol injection on rat motor activity models of depression. Isr J Med Sci. (1993)
- ^ Levine J, et al. Lack of effect of 6 g inositol treatment of post-ECT cognitive function in humans. J Psychiatr Res. (1995)
- ^ Michaelis T, et al. Identification of Scyllo-inositol in proton NMR spectra of human brain in vivo. NMR Biomed. (1993)
- ^ Frahm J, et al. Localized proton NMR spectroscopy of brain tumors using short-echo time STEAM sequences. J Comput Assist Tomogr. (1991)
- ^ Seaquist ER, Gruetter R. Identification of a high concentration of scyllo-inositol in the brain of a healthy human subject using 1H- and 13C-NMR. Magn Reson Med. (1998)
- ^ a b Fenili D, et al. Properties of scyllo-inositol as a therapeutic treatment of AD-like pathology. J Mol Med (Berl). (2007)
- ^ a b McLaurin J, et al. Inositol stereoisomers stabilize an oligomeric aggregate of Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide and inhibit abeta -induced toxicity. J Biol Chem. (2000)
- ^ a b Shankar GM, et al. Natural oligomers of the Alzheimer amyloid-beta protein induce reversible synapse loss by modulating an NMDA-type glutamate receptor-dependent signaling pathway. J Neurosci. (2007)
- ^ McLaurin J, et al. Cyclohexanehexol inhibitors of Abeta aggregation prevent and reverse Alzheimer phenotype in a mouse model. Nat Med. (2006)
- ^ Townsend M, et al. Orally available compound prevents deficits in memory caused by the Alzheimer amyloid-beta oligomers. Ann Neurol. (2006)
- ^ Oral amyloid anti-aggregating agent ELND005 is measurable in CSF and brain of healthy adult men.
- ^ Barak Y, et al. Inositol treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a double blind, cross-over placebo controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. (1996)
- ^ Levine J, et al. Inositol treatment of autism. J Neural Transm. (1997)
- ^ Brosche T. Plasmalogen levels in serum from patients with impaired carbohydrate or lipid metabolism and in elderly subjects with normal metabolic values. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. (2001)
- ^ a b Maeba R, et al. Plasmalogens in human serum positively correlate with high- density lipoprotein and decrease with aging. J Atheroscler Thromb. (2007)
- ^ Bräutigam C, et al. Plasmalogen phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins of normolipidemic donors and patients with hypercholesterolemia treated by LDL apheresis. Atherosclerosis. (1996)
- ^ Maeba R, Ueta N. Determination of choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens in human plasma by HPLC using radioactive triiodide (1-) ion (125I3-). Anal Biochem. (2004)
- ^ a b Maeba R, et al. Myo-inositol treatment increases serum plasmalogens and decreases small dense LDL, particularly in hyperlipidemic subjects with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2008)
- ^ Saltiel AR. Second messengers of insulin action. Diabetes Care. (1990)
- ^ Caro HN, et al. Isolation and partial characterisation of insulin-mimetic inositol phosphoglycans from human liver. Biochem Mol Med. (1997)
- ^ a b McLean P, et al. Reciprocal control of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase by inositol phosphoglycans. Dynamic state set by “push-pull” system. J Biol Chem. (2008)
- ^ Roche TE, et al. Distinct regulatory properties of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase isoforms. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. (2001)
- ^ Denton RM, et al. The hormonal regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Adv Enzyme Regul. (1996)
- ^ Harris RA, et al. Regulation of the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Adv Enzyme Regul. (2002)
- ^ Cohen P. The role of protein phosphorylation in human health and disease. The Sir Hans Krebs Medal Lecture. Eur J Biochem. (2001)
- ^ Cohen P. The origins of protein phosphorylation. Nat Cell Biol. (2002)
- ^ a b Kunjara S, et al. Inositol phosphoglycans in diabetes and obesity: urinary levels of IPG A-type and IPG P-type, and relationship to pathophysiological changes. Mol Genet Metab. (1999)
- ^ Shashkin PN, et al. Insulin mediators in man: effects of glucose ingestion and insulin resistance. Diabetologia. (1997)
- ^ Larner J. D-chiro-inositol in insulin action and insulin resistance-old-fashioned biochemistry still at work. IUBMB Life. (2001)
- ^ a b Dugani CB, Klip A. Glucose transporter 4: cycling, compartments and controversies. EMBO Rep. (2005)
- ^ Farese RV, Sajan MP, Standaert ML. Atypical protein kinase C in insulin action and insulin resistance. Biochem Soc Trans. (2005)
- ^ Ng Y, et al. Rapid activation of Akt2 is sufficient to stimulate GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cell Metab. (2008)
- ^ Randhawa VK, et al. GLUT4 vesicle recruitment and fusion are differentially regulated by Rac, AS160, and Rab8A in muscle cells. J Biol Chem. (2008)
- ^ a b Ijuin T, Takenawa T. Regulation of insulin signaling and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) exocytosis by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase, skeletal muscle, and kidney enriched inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (SKIP). J Biol Chem. (2012)
- ^ Rameh LE, Cantley LC. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase lipid products in cell function. J Biol Chem. (1999)
- ^ Bryant NJ, Govers R, James DE. Regulated transport of the glucose transporter GLUT4. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2002)
- ^ a b c Mikoshiba K. IP3 receptor/Ca2+ channel: from discovery to new signaling concepts. J Neurochem. (2007)
- ^ Tanti JF, et al. Overexpression of a constitutively active form of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is sufficient to promote Glut 4 translocation in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. (1996)
- ^ Kotani K, et al. Requirement for phosphoinositide 3-kinase in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1995)
- ^ Kanai F, et al. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation is relevant to the phosphorylation of IRS-1 and the activity of PI3-kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1993)
- ^ Furuichi T, et al. Intracellular channels. Curr Opin Neurobiol. (1994)
- ^ Iwai M, et al. Molecular cloning of mouse type 2 and type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and identification of a novel type 2 receptor splice variant. J Biol Chem. (2005)
- ^ Co-expression in vertebrate tissues and cell lines of multiple inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors with distinct affinities for InsP3.
- ^ Nakashima N, et al. The tumor suppressor PTEN negatively regulates insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. (2000)
- ^ Stiles B, et al. Liver-specific deletion of negative regulator Pten results in fatty liver and insulin hypersensitivity {corrected}. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2004)
- ^ Kurlawalla-Martinez C, et al. Insulin hypersensitivity and resistance to streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice lacking PTEN in adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol. (2005)
- ^ Wada T, et al. Overexpression of SH2-containing inositol phosphatase 2 results in negative regulation of insulin-induced metabolic actions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via its 5′-phosphatase catalytic activity. Mol Cell Biol. (2001)
- ^ Sasaoka T, et al. SH2-containing inositol phosphatase 2 negatively regulates insulin-induced glycogen synthesis in L6 myotubes. Diabetologia. (2001)
- ^ Sleeman MW, et al. Absence of the lipid phosphatase SHIP2 confers resistance to dietary obesity. Nat Med. (2005)
- ^ Ijuin T, Takenawa T. SKIP negatively regulates insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation and membrane ruffle formation. Mol Cell Biol. (2003)
- ^ Ijuin T, et al. Increased insulin action in SKIP heterozygous knockout mice. Mol Cell Biol. (2008)
- ^ Kong AM, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate {PtdIns3P} is generated at the plasma membrane by an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase: endogenous PtdIns3P can promote GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Mol Cell Biol. (2006)
- ^ Taguchi A, et al. Identification of Glypican3 as a novel GLUT4-binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2008)
- ^ Kawa JM, Taylor CG, Przybylski R. Buckwheat concentrate reduces serum glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Agric Food Chem. (2003)
- ^ Bates SH, Jones RB, Bailey CJ. Insulin-like effect of pinitol. Br J Pharmacol. (2000)
- ^ a b Rat L6 myotubes as an in vitro model system to study GLUT4-dependent glucose uptake stimulated by inositol derivatives.
- ^ Giordano D, et al. Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Menopause. (2011)
- ^ a b Santamaria A, et al. One-year effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Climacteric. (2012)
- ^ a b c Corrado F, et al. The effect of myoinositol supplementation on insulin resistance in patients with gestational diabetes. Diabet Med. (2011)
- ^ a b D’Anna R, et al. Myo-inositol may prevent gestational diabetes in PCOS women. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2012)
- ^ Chau JF, et al. Sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter-1 is essential for the development and function of the peripheral nerves. FASEB J. (2005)
- ^ Grant PS, Lipscomb D. How often do we ask about erectile dysfunction in the diabetes review clinic? Development of a neuropathy screening tool. Acta Diabetol. (2009)
- ^ Hecht MJ, et al. Neuropathy is a major contributing factor to diabetic erectile dysfunction. Neurol Res. (2001)
- ^ a b c d Gerli S, Mignosa M, Di Renzo GC. Effects of inositol on ovarian function and metabolic factors in women with PCOS: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2003)
- ^ a b c d Genazzani AD, et al. Differential insulin response to myo-inositol administration in obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2012)
- ^ a b Donà G, et al. Inositol administration reduces oxidative stress in erythrocytes of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. (2012)
- ^ a b Nordio M, Proietti E. The combined therapy with myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol reduces the risk of metabolic disease in PCOS overweight patients compared to myo-inositol supplementation alone. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2012)
- ^ Gerli S, et al. Randomized, double blind placebo-controlled trial: effects of myo-inositol on ovarian function and metabolic factors in women with PCOS. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2007)
- ^ a b c Carmina E. PCOS: metabolic impact and long-term management. Minerva Ginecol. (2012)
- ^ Daniilidis A, Dinas K. Long term health consequences of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a review analysis. Hippokratia. (2009)
- ^ Broekmans FJ, et al. PCOS according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria: Change in prevalence among WHO-II anovulation and association with metabolic factors. BJOG. (2006)
- ^ Stankiewicz M, Norman R. Diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a practical guide. Drugs. (2006)
- ^ Cascella T, et al. Visceral fat is associated with cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. (2008)
- ^ Ciampelli M, et al. Impact of insulin and body mass index on metabolic and endocrine variables in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism. (1999)
- ^ Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.
- ^ Unfer V, et al. Effects of myo-inositol in women with PCOS: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2012)
- ^ a b c d Artini PG, et al. Endocrine and clinical effects of myo-inositol administration in polycystic ovary syndrome. A randomized study. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2013)
- ^ a b c Costantino D, et al. Metabolic and hormonal effects of myo-inositol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double-blind trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2009)
- ^ Genazzani AD, et al. Myo-inositol administration positively affects hyperinsulinemia and hormonal parameters in overweight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2008)
- ^ a b Papaleo E, et al. Myo-inositol in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a novel method for ovulation induction. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2007)
- ^ Ciotta L, et al. Effects of myo-inositol supplementation on oocyte’s quality in PCOS patients: a double blind trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2011)
- ^ Lisi F, et al. Pretreatment with myo-inositol in non polycystic ovary syndrome patients undergoing multiple follicular stimulation for IVF: a pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. (2012)
- ^ Raffone E, Rizzo P, Benedetto V. Insulin sensitiser agents alone and in co-treatment with r-FSH for ovulation induction in PCOS women. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2010)
- ^ Hazell AS, Butterworth RF. Hepatic encephalopathy: An update of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. (1999)
- ^ Lockwood AH, Yap EW, Wong WH. Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. (1991)
- ^ Shawcross DL, et al. Low myo-inositol and high glutamine levels in brain are associated with neuropsychological deterioration after induced hyperammonemia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. (2004)
- ^ Lien YH, et al. Scyllo-inositol depletion in hepatic encephalopathy. Life Sci. (1994)
- ^ Binesh N, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: a neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological study. J Appl Clin Med Phys. (2006)
- ^ a b Wattenberg LW, et al. Chemoprevention of pulmonary carcinogenesis by brief exposures to aerosolized budesonide or beclomethasone dipropionate and by the combination of aerosolized budesonide and dietary myo-inositol. Carcinogenesis. (2000)
- ^ Hecht SS, et al. Dose-response study of myo-inositol as an inhibitor of lung tumorigenesis induced in A/J mice by benzo. Cancer Lett. (2001)
- ^ Estensen RD, Wattenberg LW. Studies of chemopreventive effects of myo-inositol on benzo{a}pyrene-induced neoplasia of the lung and forestomach of female A/J mice. Carcinogenesis. (1993)
- ^ a b c Lam S, et al. A phase I study of myo-inositol for lung cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. (2006)
- ^ Zacchè MM, et al. Efficacy of myo-inositol in the treatment of cutaneous disorders in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2009)
- ^ a b Skoven I, Thormann J. Lithium compound treatment and psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. (1979)
- ^ a b Tsankov N, Angelova I, Kazandjieva J. Drug-induced psoriasis. Recognition and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. (2000)
- ^ a b Williams RS, et al. A common mechanism of action for three mood-stabilizing drugs. Nature. (2002)
- ^ a b The effect of inositol on lithium-induced polyuria—polydipsia in rats and humans.
- ^ a b c Allan SJ, et al. The effect of inositol supplements on the psoriasis of patients taking lithium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. (2004)
- ^ Cupisti S, et al. Influence of body mass index on measured and calculated androgen parameters in adult women with Hirsutism and PCOS. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. (2007)
- ^ Mueller A, et al. Endocrinological markers for assessment of hyperandrogenemia in hirsute women. Horm Res. (2007)
- ^ Minozzi M, D’Andrea G, Unfer V. Treatment of hirsutism with myo-inositol: a prospective clinical study. Reprod Biomed Online. (2008)
- ^ Smith DF. Lithium orotate, carbonate and chloride: pharmacokinetics, polyuria in rats. Br J Pharmacol. (1976)
- ^ Minozzi M, et al. The effect of a combination therapy with myo-inositol and a combined oral contraceptive pill versus a combined oral contraceptive pill alone on metabolic, endocrine, and clinical parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2011)
- ^ Galletta M, et al. Bye-bye chiro-inositol – myo-inositol: true progress in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome and ovulation induction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2011)
- ^ Isabella R, Raffone E. Does ovary need D-chiro-inositol. J Ovarian Res. (2012)
- ^ Tantivejkul K, Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) inhibits key events of cancer metastasis: II. Effects on integrins and focal adhesions. Anticancer Res. (2003)
- ^ Shamsuddin AM, Vucenik I, Cole KE. IP6: a novel anti-cancer agent. Life Sci. (1997)
- ^ Singh RP, et al. In vivo suppression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer growth by inositol hexaphosphate: induction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor. Clin Cancer Res. (2004)
- ^ Bohn T, et al. Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. (2004)
- ^ Larsson M, et al. Improved zinc and iron absorption from breakfast meals containing malted oats with reduced phytate content. Br J Nutr. (1996)
- ^ Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: from laboratory to clinic. J Nutr. (2003)
- ^ Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutr Cancer. (2006)
- ^ Tantivejkul K, et al. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) enhances the anti-proliferative effects of adriamycin and tamoxifen in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. (2003)
- ^ a b Bacić I, et al. Efficacy of IP6 + inositol in the treatment of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: prospective, randomized, pilot clinical study. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. (2010)
- ^ Unfer V, et al. Effect of a supplementation with myo-inositol plus melatonin on oocyte quality in women who failed to conceive in previous in vitro fertilization cycles for poor oocyte quality: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2011)
- ^ a b Rizzo P, Raffone E, Benedetto V. Effect of the treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid plus melatonin in comparison with a treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid on oocyte quality and pregnancy outcome in IVF cycles. A prospective, clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2010)
- ^ Carlomagno G, Unfer V. Inositol safety: clinical evidences. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2011)
- Unfer V, et al. Myo-inositol rather than D-chiro-inositol is able to improve oocyte quality in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. A prospective, controlled, randomized trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2011)
- Iuorno MJ, et al. Effects of d-chiro-inositol in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Pract. (2002)
- Papaleo E, et al. Myo-inositol may improve oocyte quality in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. A prospective, controlled, randomized trial. Fertil Steril. (2009)