Garlic

References

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4. ^ a b c Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I. Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak J Pharm Sci. (2011)
5. ^ a b c Kumar R, et al. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and adenosine deaminase- lowering effects of garlic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. (2013)
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11. ^ Allium sativum L. var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll.
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22. ^ a b c Apitz-Castro R, Badimon JJ, Badimon L. Effect of ajoene, the major antiplatelet compound from garlic, on platelet thrombus formation. Thromb Res. (1992)
23. ^ a b c Egen-Schwind C, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vinyldithiins, transformation products of allicin. Planta Med. (1992)
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30. ^ Flavor components of garlic extract.
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32. ^ a b c d e f g Allison GL, Lowe GM, Rahman K. Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit platelet aggregation through multiple mechanisms. J Nutr. (2006)
33. ^ a b c Keophiphath M, et al. 1,2-vinyldithiin from garlic inhibits differentiation and inflammation of human preadipocytes. J Nutr. (2009)
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37. ^ a b c d e f g Ban JO, et al. Anti-inflammatory and arthritic effects of thiacremonone, a novel sulfur compound isolated from garlic via inhibition of NF-kappaB. Arthritis Res Ther. (2009)
38. ^ Nohara T, et al. Cyclic sulfoxides garlicnins B2, B3, B4, C2, and C3 from Allium sativum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). (2013)
39. ^ El-Aasr M, et al. Garlicnin A from the fraction regulating macrophage activation of Allium sativum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). (2011)
40. ^ Garlicnins B1, C1, and D, from the Fraction Regulating Macrophage Activation of Allium sativum.
41. ^ a b Allixin Accumulation with Long-term Storage of Garlic.
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43. ^ a b c Chang HS, et al. Modulatory influence of sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate from garlic on cyclooxygenase activity in canine platelets: possible mechanism for the anti-aggregatory effect. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. (2005)
44. ^ a b c d e Hassan ZM, et al. Immunomodulatory affect of R10 fraction of garlic extract on natural killer activity. Int Immunopharmacol. (2003)
45. ^ a b c d e f Ghazanfari T, et al. Garlic induces a shift in cytokine pattern in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol. (2000)
46. ^ a b Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor dipeptides derived from Allium sativum L (garlic).
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51. ^ a b c Gorinstein S, et al. Comparison of the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in garlic and white and red onions after treatment protocols. J Agric Food Chem. (2008)
52. ^ a b c d Comparison of antioxidant activities of onion and garlic extracts by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and radical scavenging activity.
53. ^ a b c d e f Beato VM, et al. Changes in phenolic compounds in garlic (Allium sativum L.) owing to the cultivar and location of growth. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. (2011)
54. ^ a b Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and ready-to-eat garlic products: In vitro antioxidant activity.
55. ^ Choi MK1, Kang MH, Kim MH. The analysis of copper, selenium, and molybdenum contents in frequently consumed foods and an estimation of their daily intake in korean adults. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2009)
56. ^ a b Alrefaie ZA, Amin HA, Elgayed SH. Estrogenicity of outer scales of onion on uteri of immature mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. (2011)
57. ^ a b c d e f g Cha CW. A study on the effect of garlic to the heavy metal poisoning of rat. J Korean Med Sci. (1987)
58. ^ Arnault I, Auger J. Seleno-compounds in garlic and onion. J Chromatogr A. (2006)
59. ^ Garlic (Allium sativum) Lectins Bind to High Mannose Oligosaccharide Chains.
60. ^ a b c d Hinge A, et al. Oral administration of insulin receptor-interacting lectins leads to an enhancement in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pool of mice. Stem Cells Dev. (2010)
61. ^ Chandra NR, et al. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies on the mannose-specific lectin from garlic. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. (1997)
62. ^ Comparative control of the bioactivity of some frequently consumed vegetables subjected to different processing conditions.
63. ^ a b c Louis XL, et al. Garlic extracts prevent oxidative stress, hypertrophy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes: a role for nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2012)
64. ^ a b c d Hassan HT. Ajoene (natural garlic compound): a new anti-leukaemia agent for AML therapy. Leuk Res. (2004)
65. ^ a b c Kodera Y, et al. Physical, chemical, and biological properties of s-allylcysteine, an amino acid derived from garlic. J Agric Food Chem. (2002)
66. ^ Aged Garlic Extract^TM – Kyolic.
67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gómez-Arbeláez D, et al. Aged garlic extract improves adiponectin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. Mediators Inflamm. (2013)
68. ^ a b c You WC, et al. Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst. (2006)
69. ^ Ichikawa M, et al. Antioxidant effects of tetrahydro-beta-carboline derivatives identified in aged garlic extract. Biofactors. (2002)
70. ^ Ichikawa M, et al. Tetrahydro-beta-carboline derivatives in aged garlic extract show antioxidant properties. J Nutr. (2006)
71. ^ Ryu K, et al. N alpha-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine, an antioxidant compound identified in aged garlic extract. J Nutr. (2001)
72. ^ a b Chandrashekar PM, Prashanth KV, Venkatesh YP. Isolation, structural elucidation and immunomodulatory activity of fructans from aged garlic extract. Phytochemistry. (2011)
73. ^ a b c d e Morihara N, Hayama M, Fujii H. Aged garlic extract scavenges superoxide radicals. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. (2011)
74. ^ a b Zeng T, et al. Garlic oil alleviated ethanol-induced fat accumulation via modulation of SREBP-1, PPAR-α, and CYP2E1. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012)
75. ^ Ku DD, et al. Garlic and its active metabolite allicin produce endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent relaxation in rat pulmonary arteries. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. (2002)
76. ^ a b Song K, Milner JA. The influence of heating on the anticancer properties of garlic. J Nutr. (2001)
77. ^ a b c d Bhattacharyya M, et al. Systemic production of IFN-alpha by garlic (Allium sativum) in humans. J Interferon Cytokine Res. (2007)
78. ^ a b c Effects of fresh, aged and cooked garlic extracts on short- and long-term memory in diabetic rats.
79. ^ a b Gorinstein S, et al. Raw and boiled garlic enhances plasma antioxidant activity and improves plasma lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Life Sci. (2006)
80. ^ Pedraza-Chaverrí J, et al. Garlic’s ability to prevent in vitro Cu2+-induced lipoprotein oxidation in human serum is preserved in heated garlic: effect unrelated to Cu2+-chelation. Nutr J. (2004)
81. ^ a b Song K, Milner JA. Heating garlic inhibits its ability to suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced DNA adduct formation in rat mammary tissue. J Nutr. (1999)
82. ^ Wang R. The gasotransmitter role of hydrogen sulfide. Antioxid Redox Signal. (2003)
83. ^ Stipanuk MH, Beck PW. Characterization of the enzymic capacity for cysteine desulphhydration in liver and kidney of the rat. Biochem J. (1982)
84. ^ Shibuya N, et al. Vascular endothelium expresses 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and produces hydrogen sulfide. J Biochem. (2009)
85. ^ a b c d e f g h Benavides GA, et al. Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2007)
86. ^ Koenitzer JR, et al. Hydrogen sulfide mediates vasoactivity in an O2-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2007)
87. ^ a b c d e f g Zhao W, et al. The vasorelaxant effect of H(2)S as a novel endogenous gaseous K(ATP) channel opener. EMBO J. (2001)
88. ^ a b c Searcy DG, Lee SH. Sulfur reduction by human erythrocytes. J Exp Zool. (1998)
89. ^ a b Grman M, et al. Low molecular thiols, pH and O2 modulate H2S-induced S-nitrosoglutathione decomposition – •NO release. Gen Physiol Biophys. (2013)
90. ^ a b Tsikas D, et al. UPLC-MS/MS measurement of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in human plasma solves the S-nitrosothiol concentration enigma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. (2013)
91. ^ a b Grman M, et al. The aqueous garlic, onion and leek extracts release nitric oxide from S-nitrosoglutathione and prolong relaxation of aortic rings. Gen Physiol Biophys. (2011)
92. ^ a b Krueger D, et al. Signaling mechanisms involved in the intestinal pro-secretory actions of hydrogen sulfide. Neurogastroenterol Motil. (2010)
93. ^ a b Streng T, et al. Distribution and function of the hydrogen sulfide-sensitive TRPA1 ion channel in rat urinary bladder. Eur Urol. (2008)
94. ^ a b Lee HJ, et al. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits high glucose-induced matrix protein synthesis by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in renal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. (2012)
95. ^ Molecular evidence for phytopharmacological K+ channel opening by garlic in human vascular smooth muscle cell membranes.
96. ^ a b c d Macpherson LJ, et al. The pungency of garlic: activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in response to allicin. Curr Biol. (2005)
97. ^ a b Salazar H, et al. A single N-terminal cysteine in TRPV1 determines activation by pungent compounds from onion and garlic. Nat Neurosci. (2008)
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101. ^ a b c Han CY, et al. Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activation. Antioxid Redox Signal. (2011)
102. ^ a b Hwang YP, et al. S-allyl cysteine attenuates free fatty acid-induced lipogenesis in human HepG2 cells through activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Nutr Biochem. (2013)
103. ^ a b c Xiao J, et al. Garlic-Derived S-Allylmercaptocysteine Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Rat Model through Inhibition of Apoptosis and Enhancing Autophagy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2013)
104. ^ Chu YL, et al. Allicin Induces p53-Mediated Autophagy in Hep G2 Human Liver Cancer Cells. J Agric Food Chem. (2012)
105. ^ a b c d Kim EJ, et al. Thiacremonone, a sulfur compound isolated from garlic, attenuates lipid accumulation partially mediated via AMPK activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem. (2012)
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107. ^ a b c d e Alliin and volatile sulfur-containing compounds in garlic enhance the thermogenesis by increasing norepinephrine secretion in rats.
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113. ^ a b Ban JO, et al. Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis via inactivation of NF-kappaB by a sulfurcompound isolated from garlic in human colon cancer cells. J Pharmacol Sci. (2007)
114. ^ Lee KS, et al. A novel thiol compound, N-acetylcysteine amide, attenuates allergic airway disease by regulating activation of NF-kappaB and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Exp Mol Med. (2007)
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122. ^ a b Nian H, et al. Allyl mercaptan, a garlic-derived organosulfur compound, inhibits histone deacetylase and enhances Sp3 binding on the P21WAF1 promoter. Carcinogenesis. (2008)
123. ^ a b Lea MA, et al. Induction of histone acetylation and inhibition of growth of mouse erythroleukemia cells by S-allylmercaptocysteine. Nutr Cancer. (2002)
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125. ^ a b c d Ishikawa H, et al. Aged garlic extract prevents a decline of NK cell number and activity in patients with advanced cancer. J Nutr. (2006)
126. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nantz MP, et al. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention. Clin Nutr. (2012)
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143. ^ a b c d Garlic’s ability to prevent in vitro Cu2+-induced lipoprotein oxidation in human serum is preserved in heated garlic: effect unrelated to Cu2+-chelation.
144. ^ a b Kianoush S, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. (2012)
145. ^ The Differential Modulation on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Garlic Components.
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156. ^ Gallwitz H, et al. Ajoene is an inhibitor and subversive substrate of human glutathione reductase and Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase: crystallographic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studies. J Med Chem. (1999)
157. ^ a b Singh SV, et al. Differential induction of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase by anti-carcinogenic organosulfides from garlic. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1998)
158. ^ a b c d e f Munday R, Munday CM. Low doses of diallyl disulfide, a compound derived from garlic, increase tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Nutr Cancer. (1999)
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161. ^ a b c d Sueyoshi T, et al. Garlic extract diallyl sulfide (DAS) activates nuclear receptor CAR to induce the Sult1e1 gene in mouse liver. PLoS One. (2011)
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