Echinacea Purpurea

References

1. ^ a b Cohen HA, et al. Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. (2004)
2. ^ a b Lindenmuth GF, Lindenmuth EB. The efficacy of echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. (2000)
3. ^ Yakoot M, Salem A. Efficacy and safety of a multiherbal formula with vitamin C and zinc (Immumax) in the management of the common cold. Int J Gen Med. (2011)
4. ^ Naser B, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical dose-response trial of an extract of Baptisia, Echinacea and Thuja for the treatment of patients with common cold. Phytomedicine. (2005)
5. ^ Barth A, et al. Antitussive effect of a fixed combination of Justicia adhatoda, Echinacea purpurea and Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts in patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection: A comparative, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine. (2015)
6. ^ Thom E, Wollan T. A controlled clinical study of Kanjang mixture in the treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections. Phyto Res. (1998)
7. ^ a b Whitehead MT, et al. The effect of 4 wk of oral echinacea supplementation on serum erythropoietin and indices of erythropoietic status. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2007)
8. ^ Rahmati M, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea root extracts in the treatment of pediatric common cold: A randomised clinical trial. J of Maz U Med Sci. (2012)
9. ^ a b c d e Hermann R, von Richter O. Clinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Planta Med. (2012)
10. ^ a b c Wu L, et al. Echinacea-induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevation in HEK293. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2010)
11. ^ a b c d e f g Dalby-Brown L, et al. Synergistic antioxidative effects of alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, and polysaccharide fractions from Echinacea purpurea on in vitro oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. J Agric Food Chem. (2005)
12. ^ Najm W, Lie D. Dietary supplements commonly used for prevention. Prim Care. (2008)
13. ^ Ma H, et al. The roles of herbal remedies in survival and quality of life among long-term breast cancer survivors–results of a prospective study. BMC Cancer. (2011)
14. ^ Bright-Gbebry M, et al. Use of multivitamins, folic acid and herbal supplements among breast cancer survivors: the black women’s health study. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2011)
15. ^ Engdal S, Klepp O, Nilsen OG. Identification and exploration of herb-drug combinations used by cancer patients. Integr Cancer Ther. (2009)
16. ^ Walsh NP, et al. Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health. Exerc Immunol Rev. (2011)
17. ^ Senchina DS, et al. Herbal supplements and athlete immune function–what’s proven, disproven, and unproven. Exerc Immunol Rev. (2009)
18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ritchie MR, et al. Effects of Echinaforce® treatment on ex vivo-stimulated blood cells. Phytomedicine. (2011)
19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Thomsen MO, et al. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of lipophilic compounds and phenolic acids in the roots of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea pallida. J Agric Food Chem. (2012)
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hohmann J, et al. Alkamides and a neolignan from Echinacea purpurea roots and the interaction of alkamides with G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. Phytochemistry. (2011)
21. ^ The constituents of Echinacea atrorubens roots and aerial parts.
22. ^ a b Spelman K, Wetschler MH, Cech NB. Comparison of alkylamide yield in ethanolic extracts prepared from fresh versus dry Echinacea purpurea utilizing HPLC-ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. (2009)
23. ^ Bauer R, Remiger P. TLC and HPLC Analysis of Alkamides in Echinacea Drugs1,2. Planta Med. (1989)
24. ^ Alkamides from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia.
25. ^ Chen Y, et al. Macrophage activating effects of new alkamides from the roots of Echinacea species. J Nat Prod. (2005)
26. ^ a b Lu Y, et al. Efficient counter-current chromatographic isolation and structural identification of two new cinnamic acids from Echinacea purpurea. Nat Prod Commun. (2012)
27. ^ a b c d e f g h Benson JM, et al. Echinacea purpurea extracts modulate murine dendritic cell fate and function. Food Chem Toxicol. (2010)
28. ^ a b Liu Y, et al. Adjuvant activity of Chinese herbal polysaccharides in inactivated veterinary rabies vaccines. Int J Biol Macromol. (2012)
29. ^ Di Pierro F, et al. Use of a standardized extract from Echinacea angustifolia (Polinacea) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections. Altern Med Rev. (2012)
30. ^ Ragupathi G, et al. Evaluation of widely consumed botanicals as immunological adjuvants. Vaccine. (2008)
31. ^ TLC and HPLC Analysis of Alkamides in Echinacea Drugs.
32. ^ Chicca A, et al. Cytotoxic activity of polyacetylenes and polyenes isolated from roots of Echinacea pallida. Br J Pharmacol. (2008)
33. ^ a b Binns SE, et al. Phytochemical variation in echinacea from roots and flowerheads of wild and cultivated populations. J Agric Food Chem. (2002)
34. ^ Rininger JA, et al. Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Leukoc Biol. (2000)
35. ^ a b c d e Pugh ND, et al. The majority of in vitro macrophage activation exhibited by extracts of some immune enhancing botanicals is due to bacterial lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. Int Immunopharmacol. (2008)
36. ^ a b c Pugh ND, Jackson CR, Pasco DS. Total bacterial load within Echinacea purpurea, determined using a new PCR-based quantification method, is correlated with LPS levels and in vitro macrophage activity. Planta Med. (2013)
37. ^ a b Brinkeborn RM, Shah DV, Degenring FH. Echinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Phytomedicine. (1999)
38. ^ a b Kim HO, et al. Retention of alkamides in dried Echinacea purpurea. J Agric Food Chem. (2000)
39. ^ Kim HO, et al. Retention of caffeic acid derivatives in dried Echinacea purpurea. J Agric Food Chem. (2000)
40. ^ Stuart DL, Wills RB. Effect of drying temperature on alkylamide and cichoric acid concentrations of Echinacea purpurea. J Agric Food Chem. (2003)
41. ^ a b Livesey J, et al. Effect of temperature on stability of marker constituents in Echinacea purpurea root formulations. Phytomedicine. (1999)
42. ^ a b Effect of handling and storage on alkylamides and cichoric acid in Echinacea purpurea.
43. ^ Patterson MF. Microbiology of pressure-treated foods. J Appl Microbiol. (2005)
44. ^ Chen XM, et al. Effect of high pressure pasteurization on bacterial load and bioactivity of Echinacea purpurea. J Food Sci. (2010)
45. ^ Advantages of high pressure sterilisation on quality of food products.
46. ^ Schapowal A. Efficacy and safety of Echinaforce® in respiratory tract infections. Wien Med Wochenschr. (2013)
47. ^ a b Woelkart K, et al. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Echinacea purpurea preparations and their interaction with the immune system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. (2006)
48. ^ a b c d e f Gertsch J, et al. Echinacea alkylamides modulate TNF-alpha gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways. FEBS Lett. (2004)
49. ^ a b c d e f g Shah SA, et al. Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. (2007)
50. ^ a b Matthias A, et al. Permeability studies of alkylamides and caffeic acid conjugates from echinacea using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. J Clin Pharm Ther. (2004)
51. ^ Jager H, et al. Transport of alkamides from Echinacea species through Caco-2 monolayers. Planta Med. (2002)
52. ^ a b Matthias A, et al. Bioavailability of Echinacea constituents: Caco-2 monolayers and pharmacokinetics of the alkylamides and caffeic acid conjugates. Molecules. (2005)
53. ^ a b Matthias A, et al. Cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated degradation of Echinacea alkylamides in human liver microsomes. Chem Biol Interact. (2005)
54. ^ a b Woelkart K, et al. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of alkamides from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. (2005)
55. ^ Matthias A, et al. Echinacea alkamide disposition and pharmacokinetics in humans after tablet ingestion. Life Sci. (2005)
56. ^ Goey AK, et al. The bioanalysis of the major Echinacea purpurea constituents dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides in human plasma using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. (2012)
57. ^ a b c Gorski JC, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (2004)
58. ^ a b Gurley BJ, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther. (2004)
59. ^ Gurley BJ, et al. Clinical assessment of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans: effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John’s wort, and Echinacea. Mol Nutr Food Res. (2008)
60. ^ a b Moltó J, et al. Herb-drug interaction between Echinacea purpurea and darunavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2011)
61. ^ Penzak SR, et al. Echinacea purpurea significantly induces cytochrome P450 3A activity but does not alter lopinavir-ritonavir exposure in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy. (2010)
62. ^ Abdul MI, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. (2010)
63. ^ Wittkowsky AK. Warfarin and other coumarin derivatives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions. Semin Vasc Med. (2003)
64. ^ Mahringer A, et al. Alkamides from Echinacea angustifolia Interact with P-Glycoprotein of Primary Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells Isolated from Porcine Brain Blood Vessels. Planta Med. (2013)
65. ^ Qiang Z, et al. Echinacea sanguinea and Echinacea pallida Extracts Stimulate Glucuronidation and Basolateral Transfer of Bauer Alkamides 8 and 10 and Ketone 24 and Inhibit P-glycoprotein Transporter in Caco-2 Cells. Planta Med. (2013)
66. ^ Woelkart K, et al. The endocannabinoid system as a target for alkamides from Echinacea angustifolia roots. Planta Med. (2005)
67. ^ Chicca A, et al. Synergistic immunomopharmacological effects of N-alkylamides in Echinacea purpurea herbal extracts. Int Immunopharmacol. (2009)
68. ^ a b Raduner S, et al. Alkylamides from Echinacea are a new class of cannabinomimetics. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor-dependent and -independent immunomodulatory effects. J Biol Chem. (2006)
69. ^ a b Woelkart K, Bauer R. The role of alkamides as an active principle of echinacea. Planta Med. (2007)
70. ^ Haller J, et al. The effects of genetic and pharmacological blockade of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor on anxiety. Eur J Neurosci. (2002)
71. ^ Gertsch J. Immunomodulatory lipids in plants: plant fatty acid amides and the human endocannabinoid system. Planta Med. (2008)
72. ^ Piomelli D, et al. Pharmacological profile of the selective FAAH inhibitor KDS-4103 (URB597). CNS Drug Rev. (2006)
73. ^ a b Haller J, et al. The anxiolytic potential and psychotropic side effects of an echinacea preparation in laboratory animals and healthy volunteers. Phytother Res. (2013)
74. ^ Shah SA, et al. Effects of echinacea on electrocardiographic and blood pressure measurements. Am J Health Syst Pharm. (2007)
75. ^ Pertwee RG. The pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: an overview. Int J Obes (Lond). (2006)
76. ^ Goel V, et al. Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. Int Immunopharmacol. (2002)
77. ^ a b Sullivan AM, et al. Echinacea-induced macrophage activation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. (2008)
78. ^ Stevenson LM, et al. Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea. Molecules. (2005)
79. ^ Tamta H, et al. Variability in in vitro macrophage activation by commercially diverse bulk echinacea plant material is predominantly due to bacterial lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. J Agric Food Chem. (2008)
80. ^ Rossol M, et al. LPS-induced cytokine production in human monocytes and macrophages. Crit Rev Immunol. (2011)
81. ^ a b Senchina DS, et al. Phytochemical and immunomodulatory properties of an Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae) tincture. J Altern Complement Med. (2011)
82. ^ Kapai NA, et al. Selective cytokine-inducing effects of low dose Echinacea. Bull Exp Biol Med. (2011)
83. ^ Skopińska-Rózewska E, et al. Dose-dependent in vivo effect of Rhodiola and Echinacea on the mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in mice. Pol J Vet Sci. (2011)
84. ^ a b Zhai Z, et al. Enhancement of innate and adaptive immune functions by multiple Echinacea species. J Med Food. (2007)
85. ^ a b c Sasagawa M, et al. Echinacea alkylamides inhibit interleukin-2 production by Jurkat T cells. Int Immunopharmacol. (2006)
86. ^ Mishima S, et al. Antioxidant and immuno-enhancing effects of Echinacea purpurea. Biol Pharm Bull. (2004)
87. ^ Morazzoni P, et al. In vitro and in vivo immune stimulating effects of a new standardized Echinacea angustifolia root extract (Polinacea). Fitoterapia. (2005)
88. ^ Schwarz E, et al. Effect of oral administration of freshly pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea on the number of various subpopulations of B- and T-lymphocytes in healthy volunteers: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Phytomedicine. (2005)
89. ^ a b Banchereau J, et al. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. (2000)
90. ^ a b Wang CY, et al. Modulatory effects of Echinacea purpurea extracts on human dendritic cells: a cell- and gene-based study. Genomics. (2006)
91. ^ Wang CY, et al. Genomics and proteomics of immune modulatory effects of a butanol fraction of echinacea purpurea in human dendritic cells. BMC Genomics. (2008)
92. ^ Dong GC, et al. Blocking effect of an immuno-suppressive agent, cynarin, on CD28 of T-cell receptor. Pharm Res. (2009)
93. ^ Yin SY, et al. Stimulatory effect of Echinacea purpurea extract on the trafficking activity of mouse dendritic cells: revealed by genomic and proteomic analyses. BMC Genomics. (2010)
94. ^ Yu D, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil in Echinacea purpurea L. Pak J Pharm Sci. (2013)
95. ^ Rehman J, et al. Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett. (1999)
96. ^ a b Woelkart K, Linde K, Bauer R. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Planta Med. (2008)
97. ^ a b Schoop R, et al. Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther. (2006)
98. ^ a b c Linde K, et al. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2006)
99. ^ Jadad AR, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary. Control Clin Trials. (1996)
100. ^ a b Taylor JA, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (2003)
101. ^ Sperber SJ, et al. Echinacea purpurea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis. (2004)
102. ^ Turner RB, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med. (2005)
103. ^ Influence of Echinacin (EC31) treatment on the exercise-induced immune response in athletes.
104. ^ Grimm W, Müller HH. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med. (1999)
105. ^ Jawad M, et al. Safety and Efficacy Profile of Echinacea purpurea to Prevent Common Cold Episodes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2012)
106. ^ Schulten B, et al. Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. (2001)
107. ^ Barrett BP, et al. Treatment of the common cold with unrefined echinacea. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. (2002)
108. ^ Petróczi A, et al. Limited agreement exists between rationale and practice in athletes’ supplement use for maintenance of health: a retrospective study. Nutr J. (2007)
109. ^ Gleeson M, Lancaster GI, Bishop NC. Nutritional strategies to minimise exercise-induced immunosuppression in athletes. Can J Appl Physiol. (2001)
110. ^ Gleeson M, Nieman DC, Pedersen BK. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J Sports Sci. (2004)
111. ^ Schoop R, Büechi S, Suter A. Open, multicenter study to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of Echinaforce Forte tablets in athletes. Adv Ther. (2006)
112. ^ Hall H, Fahlman MM, Engels HJ. Echinacea purpurea and mucosal immunity. Int J Sports Med. (2007)
113. ^ O’Neill W, McKee S, Clarke AF. Immunological and haematinic consequences of feeding a standardised Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses. Equine Vet J. (2002)
114. ^ a b c Whitehead MT, et al. Running economy and maximal oxygen consumption after 4 weeks of oral Echinacea supplementation. J Strength Cond Res. (2012)
115. ^ Szołomicki J, et al. The influence of active components of Eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular defence and physical fitness in man. Phytother Res. (2000)
116. ^ Di Carlo G, et al. Effect on prolactin secretion of Echinacea purpurea, hypericum perforatum and Eleutherococcus senticosus. Phytomedicine. (2005)
117. ^ Dragland S, et al. Several culinary and medicinal herbs are important sources of dietary antioxidants. J Nutr. (2003)
118. ^ Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies.
119. ^ Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics in Selected Fruits, Vegetables, and Grain Products.
120. ^ Antioxidant activity of extracts of phenolic compounds from selected plant species.
121. ^ Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts.
122. ^ a b Antioxidant activity of cichoric acid and alkamides from Echinacea purpurea, alone and in combination.
123. ^ Sharma M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. The efficacy of Echinacea in a 3-D tissue model of human airway epithelium. Phytother Res. (2010)
124. ^ Goel V, et al. Echinacea stimulates macrophage function in the lung and spleen of normal rats. J Nutr Biochem. (2002)
125. ^ Fusco D, et al. Echinacea purpurea aerial extract alters course of influenza infection in mice. Vaccine. (2010)
126. ^ Bodinet C, et al. Effect of oral application of an immunomodulating plant extract on Influenza virus type A infection in mice. Planta Med. (2002)
127. ^ Uluışık D, Keskin E. Effects of ginseng and echinacea on cytokine mRNA expression in rats. ScientificWorldJournal. (2012)
128. ^ a b c d Yamada K, et al. A comparison of the immunostimulatory effects of the medicinal herbs Echinacea, Ashwagandha and Brahmi. J Ethnopharmacol. (2011)
129. ^ Spasov AA, et al. Comparative controlled study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination, Kan Jang and an Echinacea preparation as adjuvant, in the treatment of uncomplicated respiratory disease in children. Phytother Res. (2004)
130. ^ Posadzki P, Watson LK, Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal medicines: an overview of systematic reviews. Clin Med. (2013)
131. ^ Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf. (2005)
132. ^ Askeroglu U, Alleyne B, Guyuron B. Pharmaceutical and herbal products that may contribute to dry eyes. Plast Reconstr Surg. (2013)
133. ^ [No authors listed. Don’t take echinacea if you’re allergic to ragweed. Consum Rep. (2012)
134. ^ Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust. (1998)
135. ^ Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. (2002)
136. Barrett B, et al. Echinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. (2010)
137. O’Neil J, et al. Effects of echinacea on the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. (2008)
138. Tiralongo E, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of echinacea supplementation in air travellers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2012)
139. Goel V, et al. A proprietary extract from the echinacea plant (Echinacea purpurea) enhances systemic immune response during a common cold. Phytother Res. (2005)
140. Melchart D, et al. Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Arch Fam Med. (1998)
141. Goel V, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. (2004)
142. Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. (2004)
143. Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD. Ineffectiveness of echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2000)
144. David S, Cunningham R. Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. (2019)